tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-47886956773325591632024-03-13T02:27:32.267-07:00Cloud ComputingCloud Computing Information, Research, InsightsUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4788695677332559163.post-50442120261066464182014-11-06T18:11:00.000-08:002014-11-06T18:11:00.273-08:00Cloud Computing Technologies<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc383504472">Cloud Computing Technologies</a><o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Standard Object Application Protocol (SOAP), JavaScript
Object Notation (JSON), AJAX, and Representational State Transfer (Rest) are
new standards that make working with different providers easier for developers
and a better user experience for the users (Anderson, 2007). Many of the new
standards evolved from the need of developers to collaborate across platforms. Emerging
standards such as Node.js are designed to make developing cross platform
applications faster and easier.<o:p></o:p></div>
<h3>
<span lang="X-NONE">A</span>JAX<o:p></o:p></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;">
Asynchronous JavaScript and
XML (AJAX) is a software design pattern that uses internet browsers to call
information on a page with script without making a page refreshes (Györödi,
Györödi, Pecherle, Lorand, & Alin, 2009). The AJAX message lightweight and
does not include metadata such as definition information. An example of can be seen in figure 8. Organizations
are able create webpages that mimic traditional desktop applications with AJAX.
AJAX is a way for organizations to expose business functionality in a way that
is consumable by other programs. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;">
<br /></div>
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-k5hUB3tmsq4/U7dQFrV8cXI/AAAAAAAAGGE/_839t0Dor24/s1600/b1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-k5hUB3tmsq4/U7dQFrV8cXI/AAAAAAAAGGE/_839t0Dor24/s1600/b1.png" /></a><br /><div class="MsoCaption">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc378838916">Figure </a><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc378838916'></span><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc378838916'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ
Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->8<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc378838916'></span><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->. Ajax XML<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3>
<span lang="X-NONE">JSON<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
JavaScript object notation (JSON) is a format that is now
commonly used for Ajax (Crockford, 2006). Transferring XML to a web page is
difficult to process, space intensive, and processors intensive (Lawrence,
2004). Unlike XML, which must be parsed
by the browser, JSON allows the direct conversion of text sent from a web
server into a JavaScript object that is directly accessible by other JavaScript
objects without string parsing. The direct conversion saves webpages time and
processing power (Crockford, 2006). JSON has less extra characters and white
space than XML. An example can be seen
in figure 9. Consequently, JSON consumes less network bandwidth than XML. Slow
network bandwidth is a large contributing factor to slow web pages (Crockford,
2006). Using JSON is a technology that is easy to read, efficient, and is
easier to combine desperate data sources (Severance, 2012). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p> </o:p><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-at_03VpVnss/U7dQsXv19QI/AAAAAAAAGGM/z0Fr_qaUlZU/s1600/b3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-at_03VpVnss/U7dQsXv19QI/AAAAAAAAGGM/z0Fr_qaUlZU/s1600/b3.png" /></a></div>
<h3>
<span lang="X-NONE"> </span></h3>
<h3>
<span lang="X-NONE">REST<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Roy Fielding proposed a set of principles that constitute a
set of standard transmission architectures for the internet in his 2000
dissertation. Fielding (2000) named this architecture Representational State
Transfer (REST). REST principles are designed to make communication over the
internet efficient and scalable across multiple servers (Vinoski, 2007).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
REST enforces standardization of communication. This allows
web services written in one language to easily communicate with webservers
written in other languages (Vinoski, 2007). REST is also stateless. Servers do
not keep information about the clients that are calling them. Being stateless
allows clients to transfer between servers seamlessly and allows easy
scalability (Fielding, 2000; Vinoski, 2007).<o:p></o:p></div>
<h3>
<span lang="X-NONE">Node<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Node.Js or Node is a cross
platform language that allows developers to write server side JavaScript
(Tilkov & Vinoski 2010). Node.js allows developers to write in one language
for the browser and the server allowing them to write code faster (Tilkov &
Vinoski 2010). Being fast, having a low memory foot print, and being
specifically designed for Ajax transactions, Node.js is rapidly becoming a
popular language for cloud computing (Tilkov & Vinoski 2010).<o:p></o:p></div>
<h3>
<span lang="X-NONE">O</span>D<span lang="X-NONE">ata<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Open data (OData) is a set of web services that allow
clients to make queries against databases with a web browser (Krishnaswamy, 2010). This allows companies to make flexible
web services that allow clients control how the data will be presented back to
them (Krishnaswamy, 2010). Rather than having
a set of static web services OData allows clients of the web services to
construct their own data interfaces.<o:p></o:p></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4788695677332559163.post-86159217381353636672014-10-07T18:05:00.000-07:002014-10-07T18:05:00.093-07:00as a Service<h3>
<span lang="X-NONE">Software as a Service<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In research, software as a service (SaaS) it is generally
referred to as software, distributed as an internet-based web service (Bajaj,
Bradley, Cravens, 2008; McCreary, 2009). Using SaaS can have both advantages
and disadvantages. SaaS can be less expensive, platform agnostic, faster to
implement (Laplante, Zhang, & Voas, 2008). SaaS can also have slow
performance, create dependencies, and can be limiting to organizations
(McCreary, 2009).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cloud computing services has allows companies for take
advantage of lower cost of entry, rapid development, and pay-as-you go in
contrast to large capital expenses, slower development, and high barrier to
entry (Andersen, Birchall, Jessen, & Money 2006;<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span>Denne, 2007; Katzan & Dowling, 2010; Gill,
2011; O’Sullivan, 2009; Waxer, 2009; Wulke, & Kohl, 2004). Entrepreneur are
using cloud computing’s lower cost of ownership and improved productivity to
start businesses that would not be feasible with traditional software
development methodologies (Denne, 2007; Sharif, 2010; Wei et al., 2009). On-demand
services allow companies to handle large spikes in traffic without having to
purchase excess servers that are underutilized the majority of the time. Advances
in web services technologies such as grid computing and virtualization made it
possible for providers of cloud services to rapidly scale their cloud services
to meet the needs of their clients (Prez et al., 2009). Cloud computing allows organizations
to pay only for what they use with no large capital expenses at the beginning
of a project by effectively outsourcing a part of their IT infrastructure (McGrath
& MacMillan, 2009).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
SaaS uses platform agnostic transmission methods. The same
SaaS can be used by developers utilizing different programming languages and
operating systems without changes by cloud provider (Laplante et al., 2008). SaaS
providers can issue updates without requiring the customer to install new
software. Customers using SaaS always have the latest bug fixes as soon as they
come out.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Application program interfaces (APIs), the programming model
behind SaaS, allows software developers to rapidly create software by building
upon readymade components (McCreary, 2009; Robillard, 2009). Readymade
components have advantages and disadvantages. Traditional software components
locked users into software versions. These components could be hard to update
across an organization which made bug fixes by the vendor difficult to implement.
They often locked users into particular software languages and language
versions (Robillard, 2009).<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span lang="X-NONE">Platform as a Service (PaaS)<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Platform as a service allows customers to create entire
applications on the cloud platform. Platform as a service (PaaS) is generally
thought of a system that can be built upon. Companies such as Microsoft and
Google allow companies to host custom web services. While other companies such
as Salesforce allow consumers to write code in the cloud that is executed
against their system. PaaS is a platform that can be expanded but consumers of
the service do not have direct access to the operating system. Consumers of
PaaS cannot install software such as antivirus programs or audit the security
of a system.<o:p></o:p></div>
<h3>
<span lang="X-NONE">Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
IaaS gives consumers hosted computers. IT professionals rent
time on computers with IaaS. Providers such as Amazon and Rack space allow
companies to purchase time on servers. Users of IaaS can use a remote desktop
application to remote onto a cloud hosted computer and install software and
configure the server similar to how they would have if they had purchased the
server and hosted it in-house. IaaS allows companies to take advantage the on
demand, scalable of the cloud while having control over data and security
(Karadsheh, 2012).<o:p></o:p></div>
<h3>
<span lang="X-NONE">As A Service (aaS)<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Some cloud computing literature described three main forms
of cloud computing (Chebrolu, 2010; Schneiderman,
2011). Although IaaS, PaaS and SaaS represent
most types of cloud providers, there are other types of providers. These types
of services are often referred to as “as a service” (aaS) or everything as a
service (EaaS) (Banerjee et al., 2011). The concept of EaaS is that most IT
services can be broken down into cloud based components. Testers can use
testing as a service (TaaS) to take advantage of cloud computing’s scalability
to perform scalability tests (Yang, Onita, Zhang, & Dhaliwal, 2010).<o:p></o:p></div>
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4788695677332559163.post-50823402197251008322014-09-04T18:02:00.000-07:002014-09-04T18:02:00.320-07:00Evolution of Cloud Computing Pt 3<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc383504471">Cloud Computing</a><o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cloud computing is the nexus of many business and
technological advancements. The technology of grid computing allows cloud
computing providers the ability to rapidly scale to meet the needs of their
customers. Standardizations of transmission protocols such as Asynchronous
JavaScript and XML (AJAX), SOA, and JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) make it relatively
simple for organizations to consume cloud computing services. The billable utility
computing model allows computing providers the ability to monetize their
offerings. As with Web 2.0, businesses are exposing business functionality
through web services (Baumbach, 2009). This creates the opportunity for
businesses to monetize their IT assets.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The practice of an organization making software
functionality available to the public through a web service became known as
Software as a Service (SaaS). With SaaS, companies are offering many types of
services. Hardware that can be accessed over the Internet, termed
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and extensible platforms, called Platform as
a Service (PaaS). Most cloud services fit into the three categories of SaaS,
PaaS, or IaaS (Mell & Grance, 2011) and are depicted in Figure 6. Services
that fall outside of the general three categories of cloud services are often
called Everything as a Service (EaaS) or as a Service (aaS) (Banerjee et al.,
2011).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RioYoHdDqts/U7dOcjLHzJI/AAAAAAAAGFw/ErP4AwTFTkE/s1600/a1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RioYoHdDqts/U7dOcjLHzJI/AAAAAAAAGFw/ErP4AwTFTkE/s1600/a1.png" height="108" width="320" /></a><br /><div class="MsoCaption">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc378838914">Figure </a><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc378838914'></span><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc378838914'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ
Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->6<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc378838914'></span><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->. Cloud Service Types<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There is no official definition of cloud computing. The National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines cloud computing as having
five distinct characteristics (Mell & Grance, 2011). First, cloud computing
is on-demand and is self-service. Consumers of cloud services can sign up
online and immediately start using the cloud service. A cloud service does not
require salespeople to negotiate the price, legal people to work out the
contract, or implementation specialists to help the customer work with the
system. Customers signing up for cloud services have a set price, contract, and
implementation that they will use. Cloud computing must be accessible over
broadband communication channels. Cloud computing’s resources are pooled and
computational capacity can expand rapidly. Many cloud computing providers use
grid computing to expand rapidly. Finally, cloud computing is a measured
service. These measures help cloud computing services to rapidly expand to meet
the needs of consumers or throttle consumers who are using enough services to
slow the system down for other customers.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RqanvrojiME/U7dOlcgmQHI/AAAAAAAAGF4/xdwNS65fqEc/s1600/a2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RqanvrojiME/U7dOlcgmQHI/AAAAAAAAGF4/xdwNS65fqEc/s1600/a2.png" height="269" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoCaption">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc378838915">Figure </a><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc378838915'></span><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc378838915'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ
Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->7<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc378838915'></span><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->. Cloud Computing Principles<o:p></o:p></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4788695677332559163.post-33164533074473193032014-08-04T17:57:00.000-07:002014-08-04T17:57:00.465-07:00Evolution of Cloud Computing: Web Standards Pt 2 <h3>
Service Orientated Architecture</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Service orientated architecture (SOA) is the codification of
distributed computing into a standardized approach and messaging format. SOA allows
organizations to develop a series of services that can expose programming
functions and objects through a special type of XML called simple object access
protocol (SOAP). Through Web Service Definition Language (WSDL) and Universal
Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI), developers can discover what
functionality the web service has available (Chen & Tsai, 2009).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Service oriented architecture enables the reuse of software
components saving organizations time and costs by increasing efficiency (Welke, Hirschheim, & Schwarz, 2011). Infrastructure
efficiency allows companies to quickly make changes and grow their IT portfolio.
Componentized systems allow organizations the ability to upgrade single components
rather than entire systems (Sarkar, 2009; Welke et
al., 2011). Figure 5 shows the software code that makes up a SOAP
message.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3>
<span lang="X-NONE">Web 2.0<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Berners-Lee et al. (2006) note that the evolution of the World
Wide Web is not happening with the addition
of more complex algorithms but through the incorporation of physiology and sociology
into constructing web pages. Berners-Lee et al. believed understanding why,
socially, people used the web is essential to the evolution of the Internet. They
also believe that making it easier for developers to collaborate between
organizations will enhance the overall web experience. The Web 2.0 movement is
a combination of new technologies that are easier to use, encourage
collaboration, have easily accessible data, and have a social and psychological
aspect making web pages more powerful and socially aware (Anderson, 2007;
Paroutis & Saleh, 2009).<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Web 2.0 is a movement away from the restrictive explicit
environment of SOA into a system where communication to users and between
organizations is more freely available (Lin, 2007). Web 2.0 is principally
about making interactions seamless and easier for both the developer and user.<o:p></o:p></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4788695677332559163.post-34422241984282946472014-07-04T17:46:00.000-07:002014-07-04T17:46:06.121-07:00Evolution of Cloud Computing Pt 1<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc383504470">Evolution of Cloud Computing Pt 1</a><o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Research on distributed computing, grid computing, utility computing,
and software services are the building blocks of cloud computing (Berman, Fox,
& Hey, 2003; Feeney et al., 1974; Ross & Westerman, 2004; Vouk, 2008). As
technology changes, many businesses are finding ways of leveraging new
technologies. Cloud computing allows many businesses to gain a competitive
advantage by leveraging advances in computers and networks.<o:p></o:p></div>
<h3>
<span lang="X-NONE">Distributed Computing<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In distributed computing systems, as depicted in Figure 2,
computers interact with each other to achieve a computational goal. Distributed computing is a heterogeneous endeavor
where each computer, using independent software, has a specific task to perform
(Thain, Tannenbaum, & Livny, 2005). Distributed computing can handle
complex tasks requiring a large amount of processing power. Distributed
computing systems take advantage of software on different platforms. Similar to
cloud computing, distributed computing allows software developers the ability
to swap out system modules if they no longer meet the business needs.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bSxpihHC3Io/U7dKLOdCWYI/AAAAAAAAGFU/rAZFQzHx09A/s1600/g1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bSxpihHC3Io/U7dKLOdCWYI/AAAAAAAAGFU/rAZFQzHx09A/s1600/g1.png" height="218" width="320" /></a><br /><div class="MsoCaption">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc378838910">Figure </a><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc378838910'></span><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc378838910'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ
Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->2<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc378838910'></span><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->. Distributed Computing Systems<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3>
<span lang="X-NONE">Grid Computing<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Grid computing, shown in Figure 3, an offshoot of
distributed computing, is homogenous, loosely coupled, and scalable (Udoh,
2011). Grid computing utilizes a controller to rapidly scale processing power
by bring more computers onto the grid when needed (Udoh, 2011). Grid computing
uses inexpensive personal computers, creating a low-cost way for organizations
to turn excess capacity into the computational power of super computers (Prez
et al., 2009). Elastic computing is a core principle of grid computing. The controller
can increase or decrease the number of computers being used to meet the
computational needs with elastic computing (Krautheim, 2010).<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oE8d-45HzI0/U7dKXz_XzVI/AAAAAAAAGFc/372MssVSrUg/s1600/g2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oE8d-45HzI0/U7dKXz_XzVI/AAAAAAAAGFc/372MssVSrUg/s1600/g2.png" height="228" width="320" /></a><br /><div class="MsoCaption">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc378838911">Figure </a><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc378838911'></span><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc378838911'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ
Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->3<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc378838911'></span><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->. Grid Computing<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3>
<span lang="X-NONE">Utility Computing<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Utility computing, as depicted in Figure 4, takes the
concept of elastic computing and applies a practical business application to it
(Roy & Roy, 2005). Customers of the utility only pay for the services they
are using. The consumer pays through a subscription or for the metered use services
they are consuming (Krautheim, 2010). Information technology assets and
services become consumable similar to a phone or electrical utility (Roy &
Roy, 2005).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Utility computing can lead to lower cost of ownership on IT
products by reducing the need for underutilized servers. Utility computing can
also reduce the maintenance cost that can be a large part of an IT budget (Marston,
2011; Roy & Roy, 2005).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ky8LF6jxciA/U7dKltlpriI/AAAAAAAAGFk/42ZdUOGd25U/s1600/g3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ky8LF6jxciA/U7dKltlpriI/AAAAAAAAGFk/42ZdUOGd25U/s1600/g3.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoCaption">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc378838912">Figure </a><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc378838912'></span><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc378838912'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ
Figure \* ARABIC <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->4<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc378838912'></span><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->. Utility Computing<o:p></o:p></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4788695677332559163.post-19722067724414346672013-07-30T08:30:00.000-07:002013-07-30T08:30:00.475-07:00Cloud Workers: How Cloud Computing affects Testers<h2>
Tester</h2>
<div style="float: right;">
<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AConnectathon.jpg" title="By Dugsong at en.wikipedia (Transferred from en.wikipedia by SreeBot) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Connectathon" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Connectathon.jpg" width="256" /></a> <br />
By Dugsong, <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AConnectathon.jpg">via Wikimedia Commons</a></div>
Cloud computing can present a unique set of challenges to testers. Every system is not built the same. Some are more stable and contains less bugs than others. Some systems are similar to traditional software development while others represent a completely new way of doing things.<br />
<h3>
Pro</h3>
<div>
Some systems such as Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) are similar to traditional software development systems. With these fimilar environmens testers do not have to change much of their methods of testing.</div>
<h3>
Con</h3>
<div>
Other systems such as platform as a system (PaaS) can represent entirely new paradigms. Multitendency system and databases, for example, are systems that exist across multiple systems. Traditional test automation can involve inserting and them manipulating data. If the testing system does not pin itself to one database database update latency may cause unexpected errors. PaaS often do not have the same testing hooks that many mature software languages do.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Software as a Service (SaaS) can suffer from high loads. The cloud provider may also not give the developers a test environment to work with. When they do find bugs it may be up to the cloud provider to fix. The cloud provider may not be willing to fix the service before the systems is due to go into production. </div>
<div class="para">
<div style="float: right;">
</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Many cloud systems change versions outside of the SDLC of the current project. System that are tested and working may break without notice. Systems with governors may work at the time of release but break under strain. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h3>
Conclusion</h3>
<div>
In short testers are the ones who have the great burden working with could computing. They need to find different ways of testing. In the past testing mainly happened before deployment into production and was expected to remain working the same until the next release. Cloud computing changes that. Systems can easily break after deployment changing the way testers need to test. </div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4788695677332559163.post-84341373683153883632013-07-29T19:00:00.000-07:002013-07-29T19:00:03.926-07:00Cloud Workers: How Cloud Computing Affects Developers<h2>
Developer</h2>
<div class="para">
<div style="float: right;">
<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AWikimania_2009_-_Tim_Starling.jpg" title="By Nicolas Goldberg (Nicolas Goldberg) [CC-BY-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Wikimania 2009 - Tim Starling" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wikimania_2009_-_Tim_Starling.jpg/256px-Wikimania_2009_-_Tim_Starling.jpg" width="256" /></a><br />
By Nicolas Goldberg,via Wikimedia Commons </div>
For developers cloud computing represents a new set of tools that can make development time faster by giving them ready made tools and components. Not all components are made the same. Some tools such as Microsoft's Azure and Amazon's AWS give a set of tools that most developers would not have access to. These tools can come with caviots that can frustrate developers and delay projects.<br />
<h3>
Pros</h3>
<div>
Developing in the cloud gives developers access to more tools than ever before. Software developers can take advantage of elastic computing to scale their applications. They can globally distribute their assets to increase speed of websites. Cloud computing increases time to market with many applications.</div>
<h3>
Cons</h3>
<div>
Cloud computing does come with limitations. Some of these limitation are due to inherent factors such as the latency of transmitting information over the internet while other limitations come directly from the cloud provider to safeguard one user from taking down the system for everyone. Developers need to make systems "cloud ready". A cloud ready system is one that is tolerant to the limitations of cloud computing.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Over the past 20 years the software development industry has undergone an evolution into better systems and methods. Design patterns such as the abstract factory pattern help developers complex systems that meets a specific need, development methodologies such as test driven development has help companies cut down development time.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h3>
Building in the Cloud</h3>
<div>
Systems that are not cloud ready can break when the system is under strain. Latency of the internet can cause system to become prohibitively slow. In modern development the software is tested and then put into production with a limited smoke test to make sure it works. With cloud computing systems can fail long after they are deployed. Software developers need to think critically about the limitations of the cloud they are using and adjust their development methods in a way that will work with the cloud.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Software developers need to have a way of monitoring their cloud based software to make sure that events such as strain or systems upgrades do not break the system. With traditional software development after the deployment the systems is forgotten about until. Cloud system's need monitoring in production. Simply passing test in the development environment will not suffice in the cloud world.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h3>
</h3>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4788695677332559163.post-52022681381251071732013-07-16T11:52:00.000-07:002013-07-16T11:52:00.300-07:00Cloud Workers: How Cloud Computing affects Project Managers<h2>
Project Manager</h2>
<div class="para">
<div style="float: right;">
<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AUS_Army_51968_Charlie_Wilcox%2C_USASMDC-ARSTRAT_Simulation_Center_program_manager%2C_left%2C_talks_with_Ben_Matthews%2C_project_manager%2C_and_Cathy_Hatchett%2C_security_manager%2C_both_with_GaN_Corporation._GaN_Corporation_was_.jpg" title="By Deborah Erhart (U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command/Army Forces Strategic Command) (United States Army) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="US Army 51968 Charlie Wilcox, USASMDC-ARSTRAT Simulation Center program manager, left, talks with Ben Matthews, project manager, and Cathy Hatchett, security manager, both with GaN Corporation. GaN Corporation was " src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/US_Army_51968_Charlie_Wilcox%2C_USASMDC-ARSTRAT_Simulation_Center_program_manager%2C_left%2C_talks_with_Ben_Matthews%2C_project_manager%2C_and_Cathy_Hatchett%2C_security_manager%2C_both_with_GaN_Corporation._GaN_Corporation_was_.jpg/256px-thumbnail.jpg" width="256" /></a><br />
By Deborah Erhart, <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AUS_Army_51968_Charlie_Wilcox%2C_USASMDC-ARSTRAT_Simulation_Center_program_manager%2C_left%2C_talks_with_Ben_Matthews%2C_project_manager%2C_and_Cathy_Hatchett%2C_security_manager%2C_both_with_GaN_Corporation._GaN_Corporation_was_.jpg">via Wikimedia Commons</a> </div>
</div>
Cloud computing is a new paradigm for IT professionals. For project managers cloud computing brings with it new tools that bring with them new possibilities. <br />
<h3>
Pros</h3>
<br />
Cloud computing services come with loaded with a predefined set of features giving access to functionality for no additional development time. Many cloud computing providers such as Azure and Amazon's AWS have templated or pre-defined systems reduce the time to develop projects. While others such as Salesforce have an app store that allows the easily addition of adding for low or no cost.<br />
<br />
Cloud computing can be empowering to less technical workers such as project managers by giving them the ability to use and administer software without always involving other IT workers. Some cloud systems allow non technical workers the ability to add on extra components the same way they would install an app for a phone.<br />
<br />
<h3>
Cons</h3>
<div>
While cloud computing has great benefits for organizations there are some pitfalls that project managers need to know to help them plan and reduce risk in their projects. Software as a Service (SaaS) for many cloud providers can have updates that effect the project. Cloud services that work one day can break then next. Someone needs to be responsible within an organization to keep track of the emails from the cloud provider about scheduled outages, updates, and bug fixes.<br />
<br />
When using cloud software half of the system is controlled by someone else. What may be an emergency to an internal IT organization may not be to the cloud provider. Many cloud provides have a 72 hour turn around time for their help desk. But fixes or essential updates may take months to happen if they happen at all. <br />
<br />
Cloud computing is also a fixed asset. With traditional software projects software development teams can build highly flexible software. Cloud computing is pre-defined resources that are inflexible. Project managers need to learn about the limits of the system they are purchasing before deciding to go with them.<br />
<h3>
Discussion</h3>
</div>
<div>
Cloud computing can help organizations succeed but it requires PMs to plan for delays due to the cloud provider. Project managers need to also find the limitations of the cloud systems before deciding to go with the system.</div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4788695677332559163.post-88468338258019353742013-06-30T11:25:00.000-07:002013-06-30T11:25:00.501-07:00Cloud Workers: How Cloud Computing affects IT Managers<h2>
What businesses need to know before getting into the cloud.</h2>
<div>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>In recent years cloud computing has received a lot of hype. Many IT organizations are succeding with cloud computing while others flounder. While the cloud provides some great advantages for many organizations it also has its pitfalls such as availability, latency, and rigid components. This article talk about the pros and cons of cloud computing from different people within the organization.</div>
<div>
<h2>
IT Manager</h2>
<div class="para">
<div style="float: right;">
<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AUS_Navy_090929-N-8863V-016_Rear_Adm._Kevin_Quinn%2C_commander%2C_Naval_Surface_Force_Atlantic%2C_left%2C_operates_a_portable_pressure_calibrator_as_Quality_Manager_Jeff_Walden_explains_its_use.jpg" title="By U.S. Navy photo by Greg Vojtko [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="US Navy 090929-N-8863V-016 Rear Adm. Kevin Quinn, commander, Naval Surface Force Atlantic, left, operates a portable pressure calibrator as Quality Manager Jeff Walden explains its use" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/US_Navy_090929-N-8863V-016_Rear_Adm._Kevin_Quinn%2C_commander%2C_Naval_Surface_Force_Atlantic%2C_left%2C_operates_a_portable_pressure_calibrator_as_Quality_Manager_Jeff_Walden_explains_its_use.jpg/256px-thumbnail.jpg" width="256" /></a> <br />
By Greg Vojtko, <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AUS_Navy_090929-N-8863V-016_Rear_Adm._Kevin_Quinn%2C_commander%2C_Naval_Surface_Force_Atlantic%2C_left%2C_operates_a_portable_pressure_calibrator_as_Quality_Manager_Jeff_Walden_explains_its_use.jpg">via Wikimedia Commons</a> </div>
<h3>
Pros</h3>
IT managers look to cloud computing for many reason. It can help reduce the IT burden to be experts on all of their systems. It can offset the need to purchase new hardware. It can help them focus on the it assets that are important to the company rather than spend time dealing with peripheral systems such as email. Many small to medium sized companies do not have the financial resources to hire a person who is an expert on all of there various systems. Rather they hire IT people who are generalist. They may also not have the resources to pay for a secure data center with guards and security audits. Some cloud providers offer geographic redundancy to alleviate the impact of a natural disaster. Some cloud providers automatically scale their services to meet the needs of the client. For IT managers to do this without cloud computing they would have to have excess servers on hand to meet the variable need.<br />
<h3>
Cons</h3>
For IT Managers the risk in using cloud computing is in the responsiveness to handle IT issues. SLA's in cloud computing favors the cloud provider. IT teams are often called upon to handle emergencies. With cloud computing the cloud computing provider determines what constitutes an emergency. An issue that kept the IT team at the company all night to fix the issue may now have a 72 hour response time for the problem email to be responded to.<br />
<h3>
Hero or Villain</h3>
IT people are often called upon to be the hero of the organization. They will often stay late or work weekends to make sure that the companies IT system are working. Many business people expect a certain level of service from their IT people. Cloud computing is essentially outsourcing a part of IT. The level of service is determined by the cloud provider and the SLA. In cloud computing each company does not negotiate its SLA with the cloud provider. The cloud provider generally writes a SLA that favors keeping their systems inexpensive and not liable for damages.<br />
<br />
If expectations are not set with the business the IT team can seem like the villein. Problems with the cloud systems are submitted to the cloud provider and often times the IT worker can do no more until they receive a response. If the expectation of the business is that the IT workers will stay late and work weekends to fix the problem and instead IT submits a request to the cloud provider and wait 72 hours there may be hurt feelings. Also with custom systems provide greater flexibility and capability of what IT can do. Cloud systems are often rigid and fixed in what they can do. This often causes IT to say no to business requests or take a long time to develop a work around.<br />
<br />
IT workers need to be versed in numerous systems. They need people who are knowledgeable in such dynamic fields as computer repair, networking, email systems, database systems, websites, and all of the custom software that the company bought such as as SharePoint and MSCRM. Cloud computing can free IT workers from maintaining systems that are not core to the business. Not all cloud systems are maintenance free. Some cloud systems are complex and require administrators who are versed on them; creating an additional burden on IT workers.<br />
<br />
The key to understanding the impact of cloud computing on IT is in reading the documentation before starting a cloud project. Business should be aware of the limitations that cloud computing can create. Business should also be aware that they are outsourcing part of their IT and that they must live with the customer service stated within the SLA. Finally, the cloud systems should be evaluated to see if it frees IT up or creates additional needs on IT.<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4788695677332559163.post-80805084091497040032013-05-31T11:22:00.001-07:002013-05-31T11:22:36.341-07:00Cloud Workers: How Cloud Computing Affects Business Stake Holders<div>
In recent years cloud computing has received a lot of hype. Large established companies such as Microsoft are going “all in” with the cloud. New cloud companies such as Salesforce are seeing tremendous growth. Cloud listing websites such as cloudbook.net have a continuous increase in new providers.</div>
<div>
Cloud providers list the many benefits of cloud services. Cloud services can reduce the operational expenses by providing a pay as you go model that reduces the need for capital expenses such as servers and data centers. Cloud computing is elastic, it can scale with demand. Companies with variable demand do not have to purchase extra servers that go unused.<br />
<br /></div>
<div>
While the cloud provides some great advantages for many organizations it also has its pitfalls such as availability, latency, and rigid components. This article talk about the pros and cons of cloud computing from different people within the organization.</div>
<h2>
Stake Holder</h2>
<div class="para">
<div class="iimg">
<div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<img alt="Wikimedia Foundation Marlita Kahn" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Wikimedia_Foundation_Marlita_Kahn.jpg/256px-Wikimedia_Foundation_Marlita_Kahn.jpg" style="color: #0000ee;" width="256" /></div>
<div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
By Lane Hartwell,<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AWikimedia_Foundation_Marlita_Kahn.jpg"> via Wikimedia Commons</a></div>
</div>
Business people looks to cloud computing to have systems that are lower cost, faster to produce. But they can also be limiting for an organization. The question business people need to ask is "is my company cloud ready".<br />
<br />
<h3>
Pros</h3>
Cloud computing give business people quick access to software. Many cloud software offerings can be tried before they are bought. Reducing the need for a selection process. Cloud computing relies on a subscription modle or pay-as-you-go model. Traditional software requires purchases of hardware and software before the project is started. These capital expenses can be quite large for the business. Cloud computing uses operational expence. Using opperational cost allows companies to start new projects without having to allocate large amounts of capital. This can help companies make<br />
<h3>
Cons</h3>
The fundamental difference for business people is that cloud computing software is often rigid. Custom built software is extremely flexable. The software build in house can be changed to meet changing buisness needs or changes in stragegy. Software bugs can be eaily fixed and issues addressed. Cloud computing companies can handle thousand of clients. They are often not responsive to the needs of indivdiual subscribers.<br />
<h3>
Finding the Ballence</h3>
Cloud computing can allow business to business to have more IT assets to help grow their company faster. It can also limit the growth of the company by locking it into a rigid system that does not meet its needs. When deciding if the cloud is right for the business one must first decide if the business can live with set IT assets or it needs custom software to grow. Some businesses follow a typical strategic rout. For them the cloud offers tools that are able to meet their needs. Other companies have a strategy that is not typical. For the company that has an out of the box strategy they may not be suitable to in an in the box software solution such as cloud computing.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4788695677332559163.post-55901392613037062372013-04-01T16:19:00.000-07:002013-03-27T16:20:46.815-07:00Software as a Service<br />
<div class="APAHeader">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Advancements in stabilization in software development techniques
as it led to companies being able to sell or give away a programmatic interface
that allows developers to use their services.
Application interfaces (API) have created a World Wide Web that is
programmable. This programmable Web
allows other companies access to a wide variety of tools. </div>
<div class="APA">
Companies who are able to use Web services and APIs are seeing a
reduction in cost, quicker time-to-market, and a competitive advantage over
their competition.</div>
<div class="APA" style="text-indent: 0in;">
Not every company gains a competitive
advantage to using APIs. IT managers
looking APIs must look at many factors to determine whether or not these types
of services will benefit their company. </div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<b>Definition</b></div>
<div class="APA">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>Before the
programmable Web revolution companies had to develop software often from basic
building blocks into the finalize project.
This software was often tied down to the operating system it was built
on. If a company wanted to make a
geographic information system they would need to start with the basic building
blocks and work up from there. These
tasks could take months or years. If
they wanted to correlate their system with crime statistics they would have to
make sure that there geographic information system was compatible with crime
data provided by the government. If the
crime to a database was an Oracle database and the geographic information
system was a MySQL database then the two databases often would have a great
deal of trouble communicating with each other.
Today with readily available APIs from companies such as Google and from
the government this type of data is no longer tied to a specific system. Websites such as crimereports.com can be
built in weeks and not years at very low costs.</div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<b>Providers
</b></div>
<div class="APA">
Microsoft recently with the release of Windows 7 has moved many of
the services that were traditionally on a computer to the Internet (“Clash of
the clouds; Cloud computing“, 2009). For
services such as e-mail, and social networking Microsoft provides via an API
that the operating system can use. This
API, however, is not limited to the Windows 7 platform. The same information is accessible to a
desktop computer can be accessed through a smart phone or a video game
console. Any device that has Web access
can potentially use these services. This
frees the user from the computer and allows them to choose to use programs on
number devices. They can even log into
other computers and have their information available to them.</div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<b>Microsoft </b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="C401235216435185I86264T401235228472222"></a></div>
<div class="APA">
Microsoft
is launching a new platform for companies to develop APIs (Microsoft, n.d.). Microsoft's new platform called Azure allows
companies to run virtualized servers. In
the same way that the Windows 7 operating system allows people to access their
systems remotely, Azure allows companies to host their programs remotely in a
way that is accessible to a large number of people. </div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<b>Amazon </b></div>
<div class="APA">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="C401317482754630I86264T401454673495370">Amazon has become a
leader in the sale of APIs (Amazon, n.d.)</a>.
Companies can now build entire websites in which everything is hosted on
the Amazon platform. Amazon's SimpleDB
allows companies to store their data remotely on Amazon's servers. Amazon's Simple Storage Solutions (S3) allows
companies to store a large amount of data.
Amazon provides low cost or free API services to many companies. The reduction in cost coupled with the speed
of delivery and low maintenance makes the Amazon API solutions desirable for
many new companies.</div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<b>Google </b></div>
<div class="APA">
Google has developed Google App Engine which is a hosting service
for API systems <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="C401235351041667I86264T401235365856482">(Arnold, 2009)</a>. That combined with the dozens of API systems
that Google gives away for free makes Google a leader in API delivery systems.</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Many websites have integrated Google Map’s freely available
API. Websites called mash-ups combine
information from several APIs. Google
maps have been a popular API because it allows people to visualize data. For example, Redfin.com combines Google maps
with real estate data to create a map of available homes for sale.</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Google also offers a search service that allows companies to make
a custom Google search on their website.
Google’s search API allows companies to customize the look and feel of
the results.</div>
<div class="APA">
Google offers programmatic access to its Google Docs program. This allows companies to programmatically
create web forms and spreadsheets easily.
Google is using this API to allow people access to their database API
Google Base. Through Google base people
are able to manage other Google products such as Google’s Image storage system
Picasa.</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
The Google Merchant API allows companies the ability to submit
items for Google shopping. Through the
API merchants can set post products that they want represented in the Google
product search.</div>
<div class="APAHeader">
Governance</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
The World Wide Web became popular in the 1990s. It's only been in the past 10 years that we
have seen companies offering programmatic interfaces. Unlike many internet based products API’s are
not the idea of one organization. They
have been developed slowly by many organizations that have found a need that
they could fill. Literature on the
subject of APIs usually focuses around cost-benefit versus risk analysis. Companies that use APIs typically have a
competitive and it over traditional companies.
APIs, however, are not for every company. Organizational structure, privacy concerns,
and disaster planning are things to consider when thinking about using APIs.</div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<i><b>Cost</b><o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="APA">
Using APIs has become a cost-effective means for many startup
Internet companies. Paid APIs are done
by a pay-as-you-go system this means that companies are able to start up at
very low cost and grow as the revenue comes in.
In traditional Internet company would need: servers, a server facility, licenses, and
support staff just to get the website up and running. This capital expense without any revenue
coming in can be a barrier to entry for many entrepreneurs (O’Sullivan, 2009). </div>
<div class="APA">
Using APIs companies can host their websites remotely, use a
database such as SimpleDB to house their database and use pre-existing services
that allow them to build their websites faster. Products such as he Amazon’s S3 allow
companies to use store large amount of files without having to worry about
bandwidth limitations and server storage space. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="C401235109953704I86264T401235118750000">(Smith, 2009)</a></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<i><b>Cost of Maintenance</b><o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="APA">
Companies that house their products on the Web can do so without
having to hire the traditional support staff as traditional companies do
(Smith, 2009). For example, database administrators
are responsible for backing up the data, indexing data for faster delivery,
replicating the data to other servers; maintain the hardware and many other
tasks. With Amazon's SimpleDB this is
handled by Amazon itself. Systems
backups, indexing, and other tasks that visual database administrators do are
done automatically by Amazon's database.</div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="C401235180555556I86264T401235188888889"><i><br /></i></a></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="C401235180555556I86264T401235188888889"><i><b>Service Level Agreement</b><o:p></o:p></i></a></div>
<div class="APA">
In 2007 Carbonite a storage provider lost the data it housed for
7500 customers. Failures like these
while rare still happen. When a customer
is looking at a potential API service provider they need to look at the level
they are paying for. The document that specifies what the service provider is
responsible for his called the service level agreement (SLA) (Zielinski, 2009).</div>
<div class="APA">
An API provider should
have a SLA outlines their responsibilities. When choosing an API provider business people
need to look at factors that then would care about in their own organization
(Zielinski, 2009).</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Service level agreements should spell out exactly what the API is
providing in terms of security, auditing, and disaster recovery. In a service provider should fail to meet
their responsibilities as outlined the contract they should be liable for
losses <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="C401235343055556I86264T401235356365741">(</a><span class="GramE">Ria</span> & Chukwua,
2009).</div>
<div class="APAHeader">
</div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<b>Development</b></div>
<div class="APA">
Developing software and WebPages that use APIs require developers
architected their software in a way that is compatible with APIs. This usually means writing up their software
into logical parts and then componentizing their software developer efforts. </div>
<div class="APA">
There are two ways that API services providers generally use to
allow others to interface with their system.
The first is an XML-based cross platform Web communication standard
called Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP).
This allows developers working in different offering systems in
different programming languages to share components easily. A second way is for servers providers that
cater to web pages using a technology called Ajax which is a client-side
browser specific technology. These API
providers use the Web standard JavaScript Object Notation (JSON). SOAP is used
primarily to transfer data from server to server; while JSON is used to
transfer data from server to webpage. </div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<b><span class="GramE"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<b><span class="GramE">IT</span> Architecture </b></div>
<div class="APA">
Companies that use APIs are forcing themselves to take a modular
approach to software development <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="C401235235416667I86264T401235248958333">(Luthria & Rabhi, 2009)</a>. While this can lead to delivery of their
products quicker to market they can also lead to some other issues. Service oriented architecture, for example,
does not allow programmers to integrate their software as a whole. Each functional part of the program must a
broken down into components that then can indicate with each other via
SOAP. SOA transitions can happen both
within the organization and externally to an API provider SOA fee uses XML
protocols to send data back and forth between the different functional parts of
the program. XML can be very verbose in
its transition of data. This extra
information that is passing through the company’s internal and external network
can cause problems with network latency.
Latency can lead to software freeze ups and web pages that take too long
to load. Working with APIs, developers
need to be mindful of the amount of data is transferred between systems and the
capacity of the network.</div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<b>Updates </b></div>
<div class="APA">
Support staff at company providing APIs perform all the maintenance
and updates necessary to keep their systems secure and running at peak
performance (O’Sullivan, 2009). In a
traditional company is to be handled by the IT staff. Offloading this task and reduce the number of
IT staff that a company needs.</div>
<div class="APA">
Versioning of APIs can be a difficult issue for API
providers. Over the years and API
provider can have several different versions of their service available. Issuing updates can break existing client’s
software. Many API providers force
software developers to choose a version that they wish to use. This prevents version conflicts and allows
projects to target one statistic set of services offered by <span class="GramE">a</span>
API provider. Because new versions are
not forced upon API clients, when a new version comes out it is up to the
client to choose whether or not they wish to upgrade their current
version. New versions of an API may
contain bug fixes and new features but they also could destabilize a company’s
current software product or webpage.
Because the client does not control when new versions come out there may
be no development budget to implement and test the new versions. Because there are some writers and clients
are often out of sync with versioning and software development efforts clients
need to be flexible enough to make changes whenever the need arises. </div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<b>Adapting</b></div>
<div class="APA">
Traditional software is constrained to an operating system and a
set of hardware (O’Sullivan, 2009).
APIs, however, often defy these constraints so they can gain more
clients. Many APIs use the SOAP portal
format which means that they are able to transmit not only work on websites and
PC software but other devices such as smart phones and game consoles. </div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<b>Support</b> </div>
<div class="APA">
Whether a company uses an API that is free or a paid subscription
support of the product should be considered.
Many companies offering free APIs such as Flickr did not offer prompt
support. Rather they offer a wiki and a
problem reporting form (O’Sullivan, 2009).</div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<b>Implications for IT</b></div>
<div class="APA">
Using APIs can be a strategic advantage for any companies. Using APIs requires that the entire IT staff
from management to testers must learn a different way of doing business. APIs rely on outside parties to do their
work. IT teams must learn how to form a
relationship with API providers.</div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<b>Governance</b></div>
<div class="APA">
Leadership among companies that use APIs must keep a portfolio of
APIs that is able to help the company gain a strategic advantage over the
competition. Leaders at these
organizations need to know the factors that make a strong API portfolio. Factors such as cost, latency, security, and
contracts are important factors in having a strong API portfolio. </div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<i><b>Cost </b><o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="APA">
Using APIs can have a large cost advantage over traditional
software developer efforts <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="C401235072916667I86264T401235082986111">(Truitt,
2009)</a>. Paid APIs are generally built
on a pay-as-you-go. This type of system
can be a great benefit for companies that are starting out. Traditionally a company that is starting what
they to purchase servers, server space, IT staff to mention servers, user
licenses, and a number of other capital intensive products.</div>
<div class="APA">
Using APIs allows companies to pay for their systems as money
comes at. By paying for only what they
need companies are able to better evaluate the costs effectiveness of the
API. Many API companies offer a no-cost
trial of their product. This allows
companies to develop software risk and cost free. By eliminating the large amount of capital
needed to start a project companies are putting themselves better able to
implement projects and pay for them with operational costs. </div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<i><b>Scalability </b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="C401235176967593I86264T401235190393519"><o:p></o:p></a></i></div>
<div class="APA">
API
providers typically have a server farm that allows them to scale their products
rapidly. For many companies there is a
cost barrier to implementing a server farm.
</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Internet
companies especially can have a large amount of fluctuating data (Waxer, 2009). For these companies to remain operational
during spikes in traffic they traditionally needed excess server capacity. It is not uncommon for websites to receive 10
times the traffic they receive due to a front page story on a site like
digg.com. <span class="GramE">Company that
do</span> not use APIs would need 10 times the amount of excess capacity that
they experience on a daily basis. This
may mean that they have 10 times the amount of servers and 10 times the server
space. This can be incredibly cost
ineffective for these types of companies.
APIs provide a solution to this problem.
APIs automatically scale when may be too and the client is only charged
for what they use. This allows companies
to seamlessly handle 10 times their typical traffic without incurring
performance issues and costs concerns. </div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="C401235350578704I86264T401235363310185"><i><b>Web Collaboration</b><o:p></o:p></i></a></div>
<div class="APA">
One
important factor to businesses that APIs provide is the ability to integrate
their products offering with other websites.
E-commerce websites are able to post their products on Google shopping
and Amazon through APIs (McCreary, 2009). Companies are finding that developing
relationships collaborative relationships with API providers can help them
increase their revenues.</div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<i><b><br /></b></i></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<i><b>Legal Ramifications</b><o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="APA">
While using APIs can give companies a strategic advantage, APIs
are not suitable for every organization.
When using an API that is involved with records management companies
must look at regulatory laws that govern the control of information. The health and financial industries are
wrought with regulatory laws that may make it impractical to use APIs.</div>
<div class="APA">
Companies looking into using APIs for data storage should make
sure that the service provider has a plan for backup, replication, and disaster
recovery. Audit controls are another
important factor in choosing a company to store data. Internal theft happens at many
companies. Audit control can help
companies track potential embezzlement. </div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<i><b>FRCP Related to
Discovery </b><o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="APA">
The US Federal Rules Regulatory Procedures (FRCP)<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="C401235013541667I86264T401235024537037"> states that companies that are in
civil trials must be able to provide all electronically stored information (Gatewood,
2009)</a>. Companies that store their
data in the cloud with services such as Amazons SimpleDB must look at whether
or not they are able to quickly get a copy of all of their data. Amazons SimpleDB does allow quering of its
database but has a row limit of 5000 results (Amazon n.d.). This could create a
large burden for a company trying to retrieve all the data from its databases
stored in SimpleDB. A company that is
expecting it may face civil trials may wish to think about storing data in a
more traditional database. </div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<i><b>Regulatory
Requirements</b><o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="APA">
Personally Identifiable Information (PII) is subject to
regulations on how it is stored and delivered to people. These regulations vary by country. The place
that hosts the server and where the data is stored is usually subject to the
laws within that country (Gatewood, 2009).
<span class="GramE">API
distributors</span> often have several data centers around the
world. These data centers help prevent
against regional disasters and also can be used for increased demand within a
certain region. Companies that send PII
to API servers are subject to laws in the countries that those servers are
housed.</div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<i><b>SOX </b><o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="APA">
The Sarbanes-Oxley act of
2002 made transparency in accounting mandatory for many organizations. These companies must provide a way of locking
share holders out of financial information during certain times (Gatewood,
2009). Many APIs rely on a single user
name and password to access the data.
For companies that need to lock down access during certain times this
may not be possible with API providers. Sarbanes-Oxley
also requires that companies audit the access of data by people. Companies also need to be able to remove people’s
access that no longer works at the company.
With its username password combination data housed in the cloud may not
have the capacity. </div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<b>Research Opportunities</b></div>
<div class="APA">
Current research in the area of APIs has been limited to cost
benefit analysis and risk reward analysis.
Most of these analyses are done through qualitative methodologies. There exist research opportunities in this
field for quantitative analysis.
Researchers could, for example, analyze the cost savings of companies
that have switched from traditional software development is to cut
getting. Researchers can also look at
the overall development time it takes companies to develop standard projects
and project using APIs.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<b>Conclusion</b></div>
<div class="APA">
Using APIs as part of a software development project comes with
risks and benefits. Understanding the
benefits and risks are <span class="GramE">key</span> to making API use
decisions. APIs come with the promise of
faster software development and decreased development cost and time. APIs can also help companies integrate with
partners more easily. In today's
business world partnerships and synergy can make or break a company. APIs allows a company to easily port its
software to many other platforms such as smart phones and game consoles. </div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
There are risks also associated with using APIs. Companies that wish to store PII or financial
data using an API may be at risk of violating laws and having an insecure
website. Companies using APIs must be
able to quantify the risks and keep an API portfolio. Company should understand the contracts for
APIs when choosing <span class="GramE">a</span> API provider. These contracts should have the same
requirements that a business would need internally if it were developing a
project. Backups and disaster recovery
must be considered before deciding on <span class="GramE">a</span> API provider.</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Companies must also look at their own internal architecture to see
if having an external API would cause slowdowns on their network. APIs require that companies send data across
the Internet. If the company does not
have a fast internal network this may cause an unacceptable level of delay when
running applications. </div>
<div class="APA">
<b>References</b></div>
<div class="APAReference">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="R401317482754630I86264"></a><span class="GramE">Amazon (n.d.).</span> <span class="GramE"><i>Amazon SimpleDB</i>.</span> Retrieved
November 13 2009, from http://aws.amazon.com/simpledb/</div>
<div class="APAReference">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="R401235351041667I86264"></a><span class="GramE">Arnold, S. (2009, July).</span> Google’s App Engine: getting
serious about the enterprise market. <i>KM
World</i>, 26.</div>
<div class="APAReference">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="R401235277546296I86264"></a><span class="GramE">Clash of the clouds; Cloud
computing (2009, October 7).</span>
<span class="GramE"><i>The Economist</i>, <i>393</i>(8653), 80.</span></div>
<div class="APAReference">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="R401235013541667I86264">Gatewood, B. (2009).
Clouds in the information horizion: How to avoid the storm. <i>Information Management Journal</i>, <i>43</i>(4), 32-36.</a></div>
<div class="APAReference">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="R401235235416667I86264"></a><span class="GramE">Luthria, H., & Rabhi, F.
(2009).</span> <span class="GramE">Service Oriented Computing in Practice – An Agenda forResearch into
the Factors Influencing the OrganizationalAdoption of Service Oriented
Architectures.</span> <i>Journal of
Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</i>, <i>4</i>(1), 39-56.</div>
<div class="APAReference">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="R401235350578704I86264">McCreary, B. (2009). </a><span class="GramE">Web collaboration
- How it is impacting business.</span>
<i>American Journal of Business</i>, <i>24</i>(9), 7-9.</div>
<div class="APAReference">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="R401235216435185I86264"></a><span class="GramE">Microsoft (n.d.).</span> <span class="GramE"><i>Windows Azure platform</i>.</span> Retrieved
November 5, 2009, from http://www.microsoft.com/windowsazure/</div>
<div class="APAReference">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="R401235099652778I86264">O’Sullivan, D. (2009). </a><span class="GramE">The Internet
cloud with a silver lining.</span>
<i>The British Journal of Administrative
Management: manager</i>, (), 20-21.</div>
<div class="APAReference">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="R401235343055556I86264"></a><span class="GramE">Ria</span>, S., & Chukwua, P. (2009). <span class="GramE">Security in a Cloud.</span> <i>Internal
Auditor</i>, <i>66</i>(4), 21-23.</div>
<div class="APAReference">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="R401235109953704I86264">Smith, R. (2009). </a><span class="GramE">Computing in the
cloud.</span> <i>Research Technology Management</i>, <i>52</i>(5), 65-68.</div>
<div class="APAReference">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="R401235072916667I86264"></a><span class="GramE">Truitt, M. (2009).</span> Editorial: Computing in the
“Cloud”. <i>Information Technology and
Libraries</i>, <i>28</i>(3), 107-108.</div>
<div class="APAReference">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="R401235176967593I86264"></a><span class="GramE">Waxer, C. (2009, Feburary).</span> Supercomputers <span class="GramE">For</span>
Hire. <span class="GramE"><i>Fortune Small
Business</i>, <i>19</i>(37), 37.</span></div>
<div class="APAReference">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" name="R401235180555556I86264">Zielinski, D. (2009). Be
Clear on Cloud Computing Contracts. <i>HRMagazine</i>,
<i>54</i>(11), 63-65.</a></div>
<micro:post runat="server"></micro:post><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4788695677332559163.post-36197317528928425242013-04-01T15:41:00.000-07:002013-03-27T15:44:54.802-07:00Archetecting with SaaS<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15pt;">“Is it hard? Not if you have the right attitudes. Its having the right attitudes thats hard.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Robert M. Pirsig </span><i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values</i></div>
<div>
<i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br /></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The problem with SaaS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Software as a Service (SaaS) is the
development paradigm of the cloud computing. Research shows that working with
traditional application program interfaces (APIs) cause a great deal of
problems for software developers (Robillard, 2009). APIs can be hard to learn,
have incomplete documentation, and use different development paradigms. SaaS
can have predefined limits, network latency issues, and represent a different programming
paradigm (Microsoft Exchange Online, 2012; Salesforce, 2012). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Software development teams are
finding that working with SaaS can be difficult. Project managers need to know
the contractual obligations of the SaaS provider, plan for upgrades of the
providers system, and deal with the additional risk of an changing unknown
factor to their project(Karakostas, 2009). Software developers face the
challanges of learning new sets of APIs, dealing with limitations, and working
with different language and software development paradigms (Lawton, 2008;
Salesforce, 2012). Software testers learn to deal with systems that can be in
consistent such as some cloud based systems eventually concurrent data model. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Architecting software solutions let
developers achieve some measure of quality. There are different schools of
thought on software architecture. Microsoft in their Architecture Guidelines
primarily recommend 3-tier/n-tier architecture for most applications and
client/server architecture for systems that have high performance needs such as
websites or applications that deal with large amounts of data. Using design patterns
is another school of thought. The concept of design patterns is that design
patters (which are conceptual programming abstractions) allow programmers to
rise above the details of implementation and discuss applications in broader
forms. Another school of thought with architecting is using different
programming languages to achieve efficiently. A software developer might use a
functional language such as F# with scientific applications, an object
orientated programming language such as C# for business applications, and a set
based language such as SQL to handle data sets. Also there is service
orientated architecture (SOA) and web services, which are web based and
platform agnostic. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Architecture choices are generally
based on perceived quality. One organization who values interoperability of
their systems may choose SOA while another that favors high performing websites
may choose client/server architecture. An organization that values
extensibility and security may favor n-tier architecture. Software developers
that want an easily testable application may choose a simple 3-tier application
over a design pattern application. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Architecture may also be part of an
overall business or IT strategy. Companies that wish to collaborate with other
companies may choose to use a web service architecture. Companies wishing to
build in their systems the ability to reuse systems in other systems may choose
SOA. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cloud providers also have needs that
can address by architecture. The first is to follow a familiar SOA type of
system. SOA systems generally do not deal with bulk data well. They are can be
slow over an intranet over the internet they perform even worse. Second a cloud
provider may need to account for a very large amount of traffic. They may
choose a distributed database systems that may not be always concurrent across
all servers. Finally, a service provider may need to protect itself from over
use by customers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://microshak.com/microshak/Image/arch3.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="http://microshak.com/microshak/Image/arch3.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some providers
such as Salesforce (2012) allow users of their APIs a choice of using their
traditional API which supports one by one transactions and a bulk API that
supports bulk transactions. Traditional APIs allow developers to easily develop
software with such architecture as design patterns, n-tier, and object
orientated programming. Bulk APIs are better suited for architecture where data
is already represented in sets such as programming and client/server
programming.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For the cloud provider the choice on
what type of API to provide may be a function of the business needs. They may
need all of these systems to be concurrent before allowing another transaction.
A bulk API would allow clients to send data over and wait till it has been
fully processed before allowing them to proceeded. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When working with SaaS, it helps to
know the architecture of the provider. Does it have performance governors?
Performance governors can be set by the cloud provider or just a byproduct of
using the internet. Does the architecture of the cloud provider play well with
the architecture of the current systems in place? A company that is using a
work flow system is using a procedural programming architecture. This type of
system is good for individual transactions but not bulk transactions. In the
end the right architecture is one that works will with the needs of the company
and the SaaS API. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">References<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karakostas. B. (2009). Restructuring
the IS curriculum around the theme of service orientation. <i>IT Professional
Magazine</i>, 11, 59-63. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global database. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Microsoft Exchange Online. (2012)
Retrieved May 11, 2012 from
http://download.microsoft.com/download/0/9/6/096C9441-8089-4655-ABB3-DC0ABA01A98D/Microsoft%20Exchange%20Online%20for%20Enterprises%20Service%20Description.docx
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Robillard, M. P. (2009). What makes
APIs hard to learn? Answers from developers. <i>IEEE Software,</i> 26(6), 27.
Retrieved from ProQuest/UMI Database.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Salesforce.com (Feburary, 2012)
Salesforce limits quick reference guide. Retrieved from https://login.salesf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4788695677332559163.post-20594340418219648242013-03-27T16:14:00.002-07:002013-03-27T16:14:56.931-07:00Research Evolution in Software Development<div class="WordSection1">
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<micro:post runat="server"></micro:post>
</div>
<div class="WordSection1">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4788695677332559163" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img align="left" border="0" height="300" hspace="12" src="Reseach-Evolution-In-Software-Development_files/image002.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="Chart_x0020_5" width="376" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
Research
Evolution in Software Development</div>
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Software
development research has changed significantly over the past 20 years. While in the late 1980s researchers were
concerned with user acceptance of computers in general (Forrest, Stegelin & Novak 1986), in the past few years
researchers have been more concerned with why people accept or reject certain
software products, and not others (Khanfar,
et al. 2008; Garrity et al. 2007).
This literature review will explore the changes in research methods by
taking a sampling of research articles from the late 1980’s, and articles from
recent years. </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
This literature
review will examine 27 peer reviewed articles relating to software
development. Sixteen of these articles were
written in the past 5 years and eleven were written in the late 1980’s. Using these articles, I will examine the
changes over time to the software research process.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
By reviewing the
differences in software development research I will get a picture of where
software development research is going in the future. In this review I will look at information
such as sample size, methodology, statistical analysis being preformed, and
other factors such as use of students in research. This paper will show the trends in software
development research and how they affect researchers.</div>
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Literature Review<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
<i>Research methods<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Although the
basic way people research has not changed over the past 20 years, the tools
available to researchers and the methods that they tend to use has. In my study of 27 articles I found that 54% of
articles written before 1990 were qualitative, while only 6% of current
articles written in the past five years used a qualitative method. </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Quantitative
methods are being used more frequently in recent years. This trend may reflect the ease in which data
is easily computer tabulated or may be due to a preference by researchers for
hard data. When Ali Montazemi researched
user satisfaction (1988), he chose to interview people. In these seminal types of interviews he found
information that quantitative research could have missed. Montazemi, for example, he found that 20% of
people would have preferred a query system that gave them “what-if”
scenarios. Today, this type of research today
would be a separate topic of decision support systems. In contrast, when Garrity et al. did his
research on user satisfaction on websites, he chose to have users use a quantitative
study. With modern tools Garrity et al
was able to do a more extensive statistical analysis using statistical
techniques such as average variance extracted, sum square, and f-test (p.
27). This type of analysis speaks to the
growing maturity of software development research. </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Modern
researchers have more tools to analyze data.
Qualitative data lends itself more readily to this type of
analysis. Modern tools make it possible
to analyze more data. There are tools that exist now that did not exist 20
years ago. There are also more
categories of research than there were 20 years ago. In the research field of software development
researchers are looking at project management, testing, security, websites and
usability to name a few. </div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; page-break-before: always;">
<i>Sample
Populations<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
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<v:imagedata src="http://localhost/Microshak/Blog/Reseach-Evolution-In-Software-Development/Reseach-Evolution-In-Software-Development_files/image003.png"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img align="left" height="335" hspace="12" src="http://localhost/Microshak/Blog/Reseach-Evolution-In-Software-Development/Reseach-Evolution-In-Software-Development_files/image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="371" /><!--[endif]-->Comparing research between the two
periods shows that surveys today can have far larger populations. Data collected from the research on types of
samples from twenty years ago shown in Table 1 shows a sample size that is far
smaller than the sample size of data taken from fore recent times shown in in
table 2. The average sample size for
research taken 20 years ago is 113. The
average sample size for research taken today is 7150. This is primarily due to the availability of
data. Most of the data that was
collected 20 years ago was obtained through face to face surveys. One exception to this was a museum
experiment. In this experiment, museums
were equipped with a Hypertext display that allowed users to review information
about the museum. The data collection
was limited when one of the two monitors that they were using broke (Shneiderman et al, p. 49). The price of monitors has come down in recent
years and this problem would most likely be fixable in today’s environment.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img align="left" height="428" hspace="12" src="http://localhost/Microshak/Blog/Reseach-Evolution-In-Software-Development/Reseach-Evolution-In-Software-Development_files/image006.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1036" width="450" /><!--[endif]-->Today researchers have access to more
tools that give them a much greater ability to review data. Crowston et al, for
example, was able to collect data on over 100,000 open source projects (2008). This type of data collection would be unheard
of 20 years ago. Large scale systems
like the Internet were not in place then and the ability to harvest vast
quantities of data was nonexistent. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
Now
researchers have new techniques for sending surveys. Phone and mail surveys can be expensive in
both time and money. Modern surveys can
be done cheaper and more efficiently.
When one group of researchers, for example, wanted to have a large
sample size they sent emails out to 10,000 people, and 3276 people responded
(Tam et al. p. 280). First class postage
as of the time of writing this is 42 cents.
Sending this type of survey through the mail would cost $4,200. This type of expense is out of the range of
many research projects.<br />
When looking only at direct
surveys of people without the help of modern data collection methods there is
virtually no difference between the two time periods. The data collected in the 1980’s had, on
average, surveyed 123 people while the data collected in the past few years had
on average 124. Interviewing and
surveying people clearly takes longer than more modern methods. While these interview may be necessary in
qualitative research the amount of data collected can be quite small compared
to data mining through already existing information systems or email surveys.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
<i>Statistical Analysis<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
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from the two periods did not show a change in the way that statistics are done. The articles contained a wide variety of
methods. Earlier research involved more
averages. This can be attributed
however, to the number of qualitative studies.
Qualitative lend themselves more readily to averages. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
One thing that is apparent in the studies
is that modern research employs more statistics. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
With the
advent of research software, researchers are able to take the same data and
quickly run multiple statistical analyses to help determine the best
analysis. Table 3 shows the statistical
methods used in research in the 1980’s. In
table 3 there is only one test preformed on each set of data. In more recent studies, as seen in table 4, one
can see that researchers performed more kinds of statistical analysis. In the case of Banker et al the group
performed three tests to analyze their data (2006). <o:p></o:p></div>
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multiple statistical analyses in research in more recent research. This may be due to the more detailed work on
the subject. Modern research delves into
subject such as usability of websites. Research
from 20 years ago delved into broader questions such as the acceptance
of computers into workplaces. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Software
products such as SPSS make it possible to take a dataset and mine it for
correlation. Garriey et al (2007) did
this when they looked at three different statistics to come to their
conclusion. The trend now is to do a more in-depth analysis. Researchers have the ability to gather vast
amount of data and perform complex statistical analysis on them. Researchers 20 years ago did not have this
option. For them research often had to
be done by hand. This would naturally
lead to more work on the part of the researchers. Performing statistical analysis by hand can
be a time consuming process. While today
performing a complex statistical analysis could take hours in the past it could
take days. Statistical analysis without
the benefit of statistical software can be wrought with mathematical mistakes. Human error plays a larger factor when surveys
have been hand coded then that data has been hand analyzed. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
<i>Response
Rates<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Response
rates between the two time periods vary.
In the 1980's researchers used more college students who were forced to
take the surveys (Jarvenpaa et al, 1988; Dos Santos et al, 1988; Kirs et al.
1989). They also relied on people volunteering (Jarvenpaa et al, 1988) more
often. These types of candidates often
do not represent the average person from the population. When a general inquiry is made for volunteers
or participation is compulsory there is no response rate. We see only two response rates in the earlier
surveys.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
There
were two response rates out of our 10 research articles. Of these the response rates were 36% and
47%. These rates are far lower than the response
rates in more recent studies. The
response rates for data collected for people is 81%. Even email response rates in our survey are
32% which is closer to standards 20 years ago than today's standards.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Response
rates differ depending on the type of medium that people are using to
survey. An email to CEOs may have a
lesser response rate than someone standing at a shopping mall with a clip
board. The more people feel connected to the
researcher the more they are willing to participate in the research.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
In articles
of the past 20 years there is a tendency away from giving money to participants
the way Luzi et al, did in their study on study on performance (1984). Giving money to people can be a great
motivating factor. This
motivation may affect research. For
example, in the Luzi et al article the money given away to top performers may
make them act in a way that they would not at work. In this way they made the respondents
compete. This type of competition could
introduce factors that the researchers may not want; the study would be
meaningless to any situation other than one where incentives are given
out. This type of research can introduce
skewed results. Some people may work
better under the pressure that money and competition brings while
others may get confused by the pressure.
It appears that in modern research this practice is less likely. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
<i>Research
Themes<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Seven out
of the ten articles from the 1980's dealt with computer
usability issues. Jarvenpaa et al dealt
with how groups interact with computers (1988), Dos Santos et al dealt with
user interface issues (1988), Montazemi (1988), DeLone (1988), and Williams
dealt with user satisfaction. As
software development gets more mature researchers delves into new areas. What was once a new topic such as user
satisfaction has been replaced by more mature themes such as personalization
(Tam et al, 2005). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Topics
such as information overload have been explored and solutions such as drill
down menus and customization are common place.
In the 1980's these were still topics that needed discussion on the
foundation level(Dos Santos et al, 1988).These are all ideas that have evolved
as the technology evolved. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Today new
topics in software development are emerging.
Issues on new software products such as software that allows people to
share knowledge and work together are still in their infancy (Taylor,
2004). These issues will evolve as
technology evolves. Collaboration software
such as Google Document which allows people to work on the same document at the
same time is still in their infancy.
Wiki's are only a few years old.
As the ability for people to work together and share information grows the
need for research to help people use that technology to reach their goals will
also increase.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img align="left" height="551" src="http://localhost/Microshak/Blog/Reseach-Evolution-In-Software-Development/Reseach-Evolution-In-Software-Development_files/image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="443" /><!--[endif]-->Four times in this review of recent materials there
are articles on software errors. Bugs in
software always been a major issue with software development, but now
researchers have better tools to help the programmer deal with these bugs. In the article A Replicated Survey of IT
Software Project Failures (2008) there is a meta-analysis of various reports
of why software fails. This body of
information did not exist a few years ago.
Now with the ability to collaborate researchers have access to a vast
hither unto unimagined body of knowledge.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Crowston
et al take this idea one step further in their article Bug Fixing Practices
within Free/Libre Open Source Software Development
Teams. This article takes 100,000
records from open source projects and analyzed the way software bugs are dealt
with. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Technology
has also given us the ability to do things that did not exist a few years
ago. For example Van Pham and Gopal et
al write about outsourcing. This
relatively new practice has undergone much research over the past few
years. It is a complicated issue. Off shoring software development may risk
handing over company secrets to people who do not work for the company (Van
Pham, 2006) but in doing so companies can create wealth by reducing the cost of
software development. This is a topic
that researchers have looked into in great detail over the past few years. As companies face economic difficulties, many
of them face the inevitably that they must reduce cost to stay in business. The debate over outsourcing and what to
outsource is a topic that will plaque researchers for years to come. There is no one right answer for every
company. In the end as a practitioner
one must use the available knowledge to make a decision. In research every decision answer is either proven
or disproved, as a practitioner decisions often have many sides to them. This discussion of off shoring is one of
those issues.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Another
topic in modern research is inner-organizational software development (Robey et
al, 2008). Gone are the days of standalone
software. Today organizations want
software to be able to communicate. When
software crashes the help desk needs to know.
When there is potential fraud detected in one system the other need to
be aware of it. Also the ability to
transfer information from one system to another is crucial in such systems as decision
support systems. In these types of
systems, information is gathered from various sources within the organization
and given to decision makers who can view the larger picture of the
organization.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
In
software development inner-organizational software can help companies
collaborate and use their time more efficiently. Inner-organizational software is developed
with common interfaces such as XML or Application interfaces. Software packages that companies buy can also have
ways to interface with them programmatically.
Interoperability is standard practice for software being developed
today. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
These
ways of working with software are becoming wide spread. In their article Theoretical Foundations of
Empirical Research on Inter-organizational Systems: Assessing Past
Contributions and Guiding Future Directions, Robey et al use seminal research
to show the foundations of inter-organizational systems (2008). The authors note that it took several years
for the idea off inter-organizational research begun to spread. In research
developing the seminal research is important but there may be a lag between the
research itself and the practical application of that research.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Management
of software development is an issue that has been the issue of a good deal of research.
Todays software products are more complicated and expensive. Researchers today are looking for ways of
minimizing risk. As well as the ability
to overcome things witch might lead the project to failure.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Researchers
are also looking at the way software is build. Sugumaran et al's article on
software time lines (2008) delves into ways that programmers can manage
expectations and develop time lines that will help lead to the success of the
project. This type of software reflects
what is going on in the industry with new project management methodologies such
as Last Planner and Scrum. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Personalization
is another issue researchers research today. Personalization is an emerging
technology. Software development of
personalization is a complex task. Tam
et al (2005) in their article Web Personalization as a Persuasion Strategy use
seminal research in the fields of psychology to argue their case. The easy availability of research in other
fields such as psychology help made new inroads in research. In their article they talk about how
familiar landmarks can help the user process the page more quickly. Users catch
more messages from the web page when there is some sort of familiarity. With the advent of technologies that allow
for more customized user interfaces such as hypertext markup researchers are concerned
with how the interface makes people feel.
Twenty years ago a button on a program would most likely be the one that
came standard with the operating system.
Today with web pages the button can have gradients, borders, and have
movement. Research is showing us this type of customization can really affect
use of the site. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
This type
of cross-disciplinary research affects the way people make software
products. Articles involving biasness,
marketing and psychology are just some of the disciplines that researchers are
looking at when they research software development. Today software like video games can have
advertisement built into them. This type
collaboration between businesses was unheard of twenty years ago. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
<i>Authors<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
There are
more authors for each article in more recent articles. As technology allows people to work
collaboratively there is a greater collaboration among researchers. In the review of older articles there is a 60%
collaboration rate. In more recent articles that number has climbed up to
93%. Today researchers have the ability
to send drafts via email as well as chat on a free service. Twenty years ago the only options that a
person had if they did not live in the same town was to use the mail. This would have made collaboration
prohibitively difficult. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
<i>Subjects<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
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AGQHAABkcnMvZG93bnJldi54bWxQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAOWG5vbADAACTCgAAFQAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAABrCAAAZHJzL2NoYXJ0cy9jaGFydDEueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAKsWzUa5AAAAIgEA
ABkAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAATgwAAGRycy9fcmVscy9lMm9Eb2MueG1sLnJlbHNQSwUGAAAAAAgACAAS
AgAAPg0AAAAA
">
<v:imagedata src="http://localhost/Microshak/Blog/Reseach-Evolution-In-Software-Development/Reseach-Evolution-In-Software-Development_files/image015.png"
o:title=""/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="f"/>
<w:wrap type="square"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img align="left" height="331" hspace="12" src="http://localhost/Microshak/Blog/Reseach-Evolution-In-Software-Development/Reseach-Evolution-In-Software-Development_files/image016.gif" v:shapes="Chart_x0020_1" width="416" /><!--[endif]-->In many of the older articles there is a
greater usage of students as subjects.
These students are often compulsorily made to answer questions. Fifty percent of the articles from the 1980's
used students for their research. While
only 12% of more recent article do. Chart
3 shows the difference in the two different groups.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
The
disfavor of the use of students could be for a number of reasons. The first of which is that students are often
coerced into doing the surveys. They are
often a requirement for classes. This type of coercion can produce poor results
in the studies because students may not truly represent the larger population. In Jarvenpaa et al's research they used
students to test the usefulness of group collaboration software. The flaw in this study is that these students
are not the typical user of group software and thereby have no context for
witch to use it. If the researchers had
used business people they may have had a real world context for using the
software. This could have drastically
changed the outcome of the research.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
When
there is no coercion researchers in the past often use bribes to encourage the
student to attend. These bribes can be as detrimental. Students may behave differently due to a
bribe. This can taint the results. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
Analysis<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Software
development research is going in many directions. Software development is a relatively new
field which is always changing. Research
on software development evolves as software evolves. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
The
availability of data, and new ways to analyze data, is causing a steep increase
in the amount of quantitative research being done. Today’s researcher can gather data from
various sources. They can also access
enormous amounts of articles on the subject.
They have the ability to collaborate like never before. Researchers today have cross disciplinary
information readily available leaning to new ways of looking at software
development.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Today
when developing software, people use a broad range of information brought about
by research. Software developers of
today look at usability and customizability.
They look at the psychology of getting people to use their products and
the marketability of their products.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
Conclusion<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
The
future of software engineering research is bright. There are new devices that require an
entirely new approach. Small devices
like cell phone are starting to get a good deal of use. In the future researchers will look at such
devices and look at all of the aspects that they did with software and web
development. Researchers will look at
why people use these devices. They will
look at ways of building quality software that provide the user with a sound
user experience. These types of devices
lend themselves to more research because for the first time location plays a
part of the equation. New devices are location
sensitive. Giving users contextual
information depending on the place they are in.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
This
paper discusses how research has changed over the past 20 years. Although research methods have not changed
the ability to gather large amounts of data and then analyze them has. There are also more people willing to participate
in research. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
Researchers are more willing to use
different methods to gather data such as email.
There are also trends away from using students in research.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Managing
projects has become an issue in software development. With large projects come large costs. Software research is looking into ways of
managing risk. Software research is also
looking into ways of determining the time and cost of software projects. There are also more options available to
software developers than ever before. Today’s
programmers can use geographic data from a service. They can interface with small devices such as
phone or have access to unprecedented processing power and storage through web
services and cloud computing. Today’s
software developers have access to tools such as knowledge bases and research
to aid in there professionalism. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
The
research of the past has aided with things such as group interactions and user
interactions. The research of today
takes those seminal studies and builds upon them to take us toward the future
of research.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 20.15pt 0.0001pt 0.5in; page-break-before: always; text-indent: -0.5in;">
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</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4788695677332559163.post-71851386539692652262013-03-27T16:05:00.002-07:002013-03-27T16:05:16.417-07:00Polymorphic Ajax: See How Polymorphism Can Speed Code Writing<br />
<div class="ArticleHead" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">
<strong>Polymorphic
Ajax: See How Polymorphism Can Speed Code Writing</strong></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">
In computer science, polymorphism means allowing a single definition to be used
with different types of data (specifically, different classes of objects).
Polymorphism along with modularity and encapsulation are building blocks of
Object Oriantated Programming(OOP). Polymorphism can alow programmers to reuse
code, reduce code complexity and decrease inconsistancys in code design.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">
When designing Javascript methods it is often helpful to define standard interfaces.
For example, if an object is substanciated with a transparency method and another
object is substanciated with a transperenct method then the programmer does not
have to nessecarely create two seperate methods. For example lets look at a transparent method. </span>
</div>
<br />
<strong>Two Function Two Method Example:</strong><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: blue;"></span></span><br />
<div class="code">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">function</span><span style="color: black;">
menu()</span></span></span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">{</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span lang=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"> this</span><span style="color: black;">.m_div = document.getElementById(</span><span style="color: maroon;">"container"</span><span style="color: black;">);</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang=""></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">
this</span><span style="color: black;">.m_div.innerHTML = </span><span style="color: maroon;">'<table>'</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang=""></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
+ </span><span style="color: maroon;">
'<tr>'</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang=""></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
+ </span><span style="color: maroon;">
'<td>Home</td>'</span><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang=""></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
+ </span><span style="color: maroon;">
'<td>Approach</td>'</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang=""></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
+ </span><span style="color: maroon;">
'</tr>'</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang=""></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">
+ </span></span><span style="color: maroon;">
'</table>'</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang=""></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
}</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">menu.prototype.transparent = <span style="color: blue;">function</span><span style="color: black;">()</span></span><br />
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">{ </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">
if</span><span style="color: black;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">this</span><span style="color: black;">.m_div)</span></span></span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> {</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span lang=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"> this</span><span style="color: black;">.m_div.style.filter = </span><span style="color: maroon;">"alpha(opacity:40)"</span><span style="color: black;">;</span><span style="color: green;">//IE</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span lang=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"> this</span><span style="color: black;">.m_div.style.opacity = .7;</span><span style="color: green;">// Safari ,
Firefox</span></span></span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> }</span></span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">}</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">function</span><span style="color: black;">
menu2()</span></span><br />
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">{</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span lang=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"> this</span><span style="color: black;">.m_div = document.getElementById(</span><span style="color: maroon;">"container"</span><span style="color: black;">);</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: maroon;"><span lang=""></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"> this</span><span style="color: black;">.m_div.innerHTML = </span>
<span style="color: blue;">this</span><span style="color: black;">.m_div.innerHTML = </span>
'<img src="image/trees.jpg" />'<span style="color: black;">;</span></span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">}</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">menu2.prototype.transparent = <span style="color: blue;">function</span><span style="color: black;">()</span></span><br />
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">{ </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">
if</span><span style="color: black;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">this</span><span style="color: black;">.m_div)</span></span></span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> {</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span lang=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"> this</span><span style="color: black;">.m_div.style.filter = </span><span style="color: maroon;">"alpha(opacity:40)"</span><span style="color: black;">;</span><span style="color: green;">//IE</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"></span><span lang=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"> this</span><span style="color: black;">.m_div.style.opacity = .7;</span><span style="color: green;">// Safari ,
Firefox</span></span></span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> }</span></span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">}</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">
We can access these methods in another fuction.
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<strong>Calling Function:</strong></div>
<div class="code">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">function</span><span style="color: black;">
main()</span></span></span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">{</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;">
g_menu = </span><span style="color: blue;">
new</span><span style="color: black;"> menu();</span></span></span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> g_menu.transparent();</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;">
g_menu2 = </span><span style="color: blue;">
new</span><span style="color: black;"> menu2();</span></span></span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> g_menu2.transparent();</span></span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">}</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">
If we use polymorphism then we can have reusable code. Shortening out development
time.We would keep our original function but replace the methods with one function.</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<strong>PolyMorphic Function:</strong><br />
<span lang=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">function</span><span style="color: black;">
transparent(obj)</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="code">
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
{
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">
if</span><span style="color: black;">(obj.m_div)</span></span></span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> {</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang=""></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
obj.m_div.style.filter =
</span><span style="color: maroon;">"alpha(opacity:40)"</span><span style="color: black;">;</span><span style="color: green;">//IE</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang=""></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
obj.m_div.style.opacity
= .7;</span><span style="color: green;">// Safari , Firefox</span></span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> }</span></span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">}</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">
To call this we would replace the method calls with function calls in which we have
passed the object.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="code">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">function</span><span style="color: black;">
main()</span></span></span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">{</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;">
g_menu = </span><span style="color: blue;">
new</span><span style="color: black;"> menu();</span></span></span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> transparent(g_menu);</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;">
g_menu2 = </span><span style="color: blue;">
new</span><span style="color: black;"> menu2();</span></span></span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> transparent(g_menu2);</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">}</span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
</div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span>
</div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span>
</div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> This example is
short and shows a simple example of polymorphism. The code savings in this
example is short and does not show significant code savings. However, as a
project scales the need for reusable code becomes more apperent. Polymorphism
is not for every situration. Given the right crecomstance this core of OOP
programming can increase be a real boon to any project. </span></span></span></div>
<div lang="" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"></span> </div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4788695677332559163.post-44064929278550868132013-03-27T16:03:00.001-07:002013-03-27T16:03:44.017-07:00New Developments in IT<br />
<div class="APAHeader">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Cloud computing, a
hosted software service provider, is allowing companies gain a competitive
advantage over their competition by giving them resources that are less
expensive and cut down development time.
Cloud computing, however, is not a good fit for every organization. Companies who are considering using cloud
computing need to look at the legal and technical ramifications of doing
business with cloud computing. This
paper will explore the organizational, technical, and legal ramifications of
integrating cloud computing into a business.
<sub><o:p></o:p></sub></div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<b>New Developments
in IT</b></div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Cloud Computing is a technology that is gaining popularity with
many companies. Cloud computing is a
hosted computing service that is offered by cloud computing providers. The
users of cloud computing service are able offload the many of the traditional
IT tasks. These services can take the place of hardware, software, or data
entry staff. Companies are using cloud
computing to gain a strategic advantage over their competition. Properly deciding to use these services for
an organization requires that IT personnel know advantages and disadvantages of
cloud computing. </div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeader">
<b>Services</b></div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
There are many different
cloud computing services that are offered.
Although a website can exist entirely in the cloud, many companies are
taking an ala-carte approach to cloud computing. These companies find the services that meet a
particular IT need.</div>
<div class="APAHeading2">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeading2">
<b>Database</b></div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
SimpleDB by Amazon is the leader in the database cloud arena. SimpleDB is fast, cost effective, and is free
when used with other Amazon Services or used below one million requests per
month<a href="" name="C401317482754630I86264T401366952430556"> (Amazon, n.d.)</a>. While Amazon’s SimpleDB is low cost and fast
it does have limitations. There is
currently a limit of 5000 rows returned from a query. SimpleDB does automatically many of the tasks
data base administrators do such as backup and optimize queries. Companies that use SimpleDB find that they are
able to have a data storage solution without having to hire a database
administrator to manage the data.</div>
<div class="APA">
Microsoft is beta testing its answer to Amazons SimpleDB with the
Azure platform <a href="" name="C401367011805556I86264T401367052083333">(Microsoft, 2009)</a>. The Azure platform gives users a virtual
operating system in the cloud. This virtual server has access to a fully
relational database. Many companies that
do not want any limits on their databases will choose this option. Microsoft is currently giving this service
away for free until February 2010.</div>
<div class="APAHeading2">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeading2">
<b>File Storage</b></div>
<div class="APA">
Amazon's Cloudfront has gained notoriety by Internet startups that
choose to use their file storage cloud to house large amounts of user generated
content <a href="" name="C401317545254630I86264T401366813541667">(Kho, 2009)</a>. Data stored on the Cloudfront can be shared
like images on a website or privately stored such as information backups. </div>
<div class="APA">
Amazon to Cloudfront has become a popular choice among Internet
startups because it is able to scale instantly. For example, Animoto.com, a
small Internet company of 25,000 registered users, was featured on the home
page of Slashdot.com (Kho, 2009). Over a
three-day period increase the amount of registered users to 250,000. If they had housed all of their IT assets
in-house they could have needed up to 10 times the server capacity to stay
operational. Having unused excess
server capacity can be costly. Amazon’s
Cloudfront allows companies to scale there processors and network bandwidth
usage automatically. Animoto.com was
able to keep their website up and running during the spike in traffic. </div>
<div class="APAHeading2">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeading2">
<b>Testing</b></div>
<div class="APA">
<a href="" name="C401317370833333I86264T401366814583333">Software testing is
an important part of developing software. </a> There are many different types of software
testing companies. Many companies test
their software programmatically for bugs or perform a stress test of their
software. </div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Stress testing can be particularly difficult for website companies
because often need a large number of computers pinging the website at the same
time. Many companies do not have the
staff and machines necessary to perform a stress test effectively. Skytap is website testing cloud-based service
that can perform stress test on a website (Babcock, 2009). Skytap’s testing software integrates with
Microsoft’s Visual Studio, a software development platform, and allows company
testers to upload test instructions to the Skytap cloud. Skytap then uses their large bank of
computers to run their stress test. </div>
<div class="APAHeading2">
Security</div>
<div class="APA">
<a href="" name="C401317293634259I86264T401366823379630"><br /></a></div>
<div class="APA">
<a href="" name="C401317293634259I86264T401366823379630">A company’s most
vulnerable part of their IT infrastructure is the internet (George, 2009)</a>. The internet has become an integral part of
modern business. Employees use web based
tools and website as part of their jobs.
Many companies have chosen to use antivirus products and spyware
software to help guard against security threats. Clouds are being offered that will secure company's
entire network through its enhanced security protocols. This allows companies to eliminate the need
to buy antivirus software and reduces the amount of computer updating the need
to do.</div>
<div class="APAHeading2">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeading2">
<b>Computing</b></div>
<div class="APA">
Microsoft is offering virtual computers through their Azure
platform (Microsoft, 2009). Companies
can upload their entire computing system to Azure’s platform. Users can specify the amount of memory and
processor speed of the servers they wish to use. This allows companies increase the amount of servers they can use
without needing to spend the resources purchasing their own server farm. Companies that require a large amount of
processing power such as scientists can use Microsoft platform to scale their
applications across many computers. </div>
<div class="APAHeading2">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="APAHeading2">
<b>Human Work</b></div>
<div class="APA">
<a href="" name="C401317532523148I86264T401366830787037">Cloud computing is
being used to connect people together.
Amazon’s Mechanical Turk allows companies to use a web service to bid on
a type of work called human intelligence tasks (Rigby, 2007). These tasks include things such as writing a
review of products or doing data entry. </a>Companies
can then audit records and track the usefulness of the people that are doing
work.</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Many websites needing data reviews on products have found that
Amazon’s Mechanical Turk provides them a way of getting a large number of data
entry people to do simple tasks. Companies
like the Mechanical Turk solution because it is able to scale rapidly. Hundreds of man-hours worth of work can be done
in a single day. Companies using the
Mechanical Turk do not have to hire permanent employees or supply office space
and computers to temporary employees.
Mechanical Turk allows companies to walk away when the project is
completed. </div>
<div class="APAHeading2">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeading2">
<b>Use Implications</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="APA">
There are many different kinds of services that are offered by
cloud computer vendors. This new way of
doing business can help companies reduce cost and speed up the time to market
of their products. The challenge of
modern business owners is to know what types of these services can help their
company and what could leave them vulnerable.
Although cloud computing offers many advantages over traditional IT
infrastructures it also requires a different set of skills. Cloud computing requires that IT
professionals have an understanding of the ramifications of working in the
cloud. </div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Cloud computing is not a good fit for every organization. Companies need to look at their needs and
compare them with the services that are being offered. Companies also need to look at the legal
ramifications of using services in the cloud.</div>
<div class="APAHeading2">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeading2">
<b>Project Management</b></div>
<div class="APA">
Project managers need understand the implications of working with
cloud computing. Cloud computing can
lock companies into service level agreements, software architectures, and
vendor limitations. Project managers who
are successful in developing projects in cloud computing environments need to
understand how to maximize the benefits of cloud computing and minimize the
risks.</div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Legal</b></div>
<div class="APA">
<a href="" name="C401317567476852I86264T401366837615741">When using cloud
computing project managers need to know the service level agreements. Service level agreements allow project
managers to ensure that the features that were promised would be delivered. Many cloud severs, for example, offer a
guarantee of a 99.9% uptime. The service
level agreement allows the company purchasing the cloud service a legal
guarantee that the services they paid for it will be delivered (Bean, 2009)</a><a href="" name="C401317408680556I86264T401366838657407">.</a></div>
<div class="APA">
<a href="" name="C401317408680556I86264T401366838657407"><br /></a></div>
<div class="APA">
Companies
that are dealing with private information must be able to ensure that their
service provider is in legal compliance (Bean, 2009). Internal auditors may not be able to properly
review the information as mandated by law.
They are different laws that apply to data hosted on the cloud. If the police are looking for information
host on the cloud they can do so without a warrant (Bean, 2009). Information that is stored in a company's
private servers is protected. This lack
of control can be costly for organizations that wish to keep their information
private.</div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Contracts</b></div>
<div class="APA">
<a href="" name="C401235180555556I86264T401366842939815">In 2007 Carbinite
Inc, a cloud service provider, lost the data they stored for 7500 clients (Zielinski,
2009)</a>. Amazon's popular S3 went down
for eight hours at one time. Contracts
help companies recoup losses when disaster strikes. Carbinite, for example, paid customers for
their outage.</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Legal contracts also help companies deal with the legal standing
of a company. A company that is using a
cloud that has its servers housed a different country may not have legal
standing in the country that the client resides in. If the client needs to sue they may have to
take it up with the legal magistrates of the country where the servers are
housed (Zielinski, 2009).</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Many cloud providers have servers in multiple countries. This helps them scale on a global basis. Cloud service providers often place their
servers several countries mitigate the risk of natural disasters bringing down
their services. When a natural disaster
strikes in one area and the servers are brought off-line. A cloud service provider that operates in
different countries can continue to operate seamlessly when disaster strikes. Having its data sent to several countries
simultaneously, cloud computing can present companies with increased risk of
legal implications in each of these countries. </div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Updates</b></div>
<div class="APA">
<a href="" name="C401235109953704I86264T401366847222222">Updates of the cloud
servers are taken care of by the service provider (Smith, 2009)</a>. This can reduce the burden of server
maintenance on the purchaser of the cloud service. Many counties find they are able to reduce or
eliminate the need for IT staff because of the ease of operating within the
cloud. </div>
<div class="APA">
Software updates issued by the cloud provider can be a different
situation. Many cloud providers issue new
updates to software they provide. This
can be problematic when dealing with hundreds of customers. A software update may break existing
customers systems. Many cloud computing providers
have dealt with this is by allowing the consumers of their product the ability
to tell them which version they are using.
Versioning of cloud services helps consumers target a particular service
version. Updates may add have new
features, however, upgrade the new version may require additional development
and testing resources. By allowing
companies to target versions cloud providers are making it possible for the
consumers of the cloud services the ability to upgrade services on their
timeline.</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
External factors such as new versions by cloud providers may not
be within the budget of project managers or within their SDLC plan. This could throw project plans off
track. For example, if a company was
developing a product depend on cloud computing and the new version came out
during the middle of their development they may need to start from the beginning
on some of their software developer plans.
Versioning allows them to target one stable implementation of the cloud
computing service.</div>
<div class="APAHeading2">
<br /></div>
<div class="APAHeading2">
<b>Development</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="APA">
Cloud computing requires that developers have a different mindset
than traditional software developers to.
Software developers to use cloud computing must take a modular approach
to developing software. They must also
consider the different types of resources they'll be using as they develop
software that is dependent upon cloud computing resources.</div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Software as a
Service</b></div>
<div class="APA">
<a href="" name="C401317248032407I86264T401366852314815">The term software
as a service (SaaS) describes a subset of cloud computing. Software as a service entails offering a
program interface for a service that is hosted in the cloud (Gold, Night,
Mohan, & Munro, 2004)</a>. Companies
such as Google have offered their mapping SaaS for years. Users of SaaS can integrate this on-demand
software product as part of their system <a href="" name="C401575583796296I86264T401575592939815">(Williams, 2009)</a>.</div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Modular Programming</b></div>
<div class="APA">
<a href="" name="C401235235416667I86264T401366858333333">Companies that are
consumers of cloud computing products are forced to develope their software
around the constraints of cloud computing (Luthria & Rabhi, 2009)</a>. Cloud computing forces software engineers to
use a modularized approach to building software. The software must be able to integrate cloud
services into their systems. This may
not be the ideal solution for many companies.
Making too many requests to a cloud, for example, could result in a slow
performing application. Software
developers may need to architect their software in a way that limits of the
impact at the cloud will have on their systems.
Many companies find that they are able to have a faster build time by
purchasing software components that are not cloud based. These help the software developers build
products faster and limit the impact of network latency.</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
SaaS’s use of Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), a XML-based
cross-platform language, allows it to fit in with many companies service
oriented architecture approach to developing systems. In a service oriented architecture approach
developing systems parts of the whole application are broken up into components
and communicate via SOAP. This allows
many programs to use the same components.
Because SOAP is able to communicate with many languages on many
different offering systems cloud computing allows companies to develop software
on different operating systems and platforms that use the same cloud. </div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Latency</b></div>
<div class="APA">
<a href="" name="C401317544560185I86264T401366861921296">Sending information
from a client to the cloud involves SOAP</a>.
The use of XML requires a larger amount of data to be sent across the
network (Conry-Murray, 2008). This can
slow systems down if they rely on a heavy amount of data to be sent. Sending data to remote servers halfway across
the world can also reduce the speed of the software being built. Software with latency issues can appear to
freeze out while the software waits for the information to come across the
network. Websites that have latency
issues can appear to load very slowly.</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
When developing programs that use clouds as part of their
architecture. Developers need to be
aware of the amount traffic they're sending in the limitations of their
internal network. Products are developed
on the company's intranet that our bandwidth heavy can have an impact on other
systems that use the intranet. </div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="APA" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Management</b></div>
<div class="APA">
Unlike many of the modern advancements in technology cloud
computing did not spring up from one persons idea. Cloud computing has evolved slowly to meet
the needs of businesses. Cloud computing
is a product that has been able to meet the needs of business, management and
developers <a href="" name="C401575338310185I86264T401575358217593">(Snyder, 2008)</a>. In today's competitive business environment
IT managers have embraced cloud computing as a way of cutting costs, reducing
time to market, and using a platform that encourages growth. Companies are using cloud computing reduce
cost and free up capital. For example, SAP
Aktiengesellschaft, a large SAP software company is reducing the cost of
traditional licincing fees associated with SAP by giving their clients to
choice to use a cloud service from them rather than buy SAP on top of the
software they provide <a href="" name="C401575251388889I86264T401575265856481">(McGrath
& MacMillan, 2009)</a>.</div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Cost</b></div>
<div class="APA">
<a href="" name="C401317380902778I86264T401366870370370">Cost is one of the
major factors in IT management choosing to use cloud computing (Denne, 2007)</a><a href="" name="C401235099652778I86264T401366874189815">.
Cloud computing uses a pay-as-you-go billing system (McGrath &
MacMillan, 2009). There is no startup
costs with cloud computing. This can be
a very distinct advantage over traditional development methods. Companies have traditionally needed to spend
a large amount of money on infrastructure before the software is deployed. Companies need to buy severs, software
licenses, secured server facilities, and server maintenance personnel to start
their companies. With cloud computing
companies pay for only what they use.
Many cloud providers give some of their services away for free for
companies who only use a small amount of bandwidth (Amazon n.d.). This is ideal for startups that have not
launched their product yet. </a></div>
<div class="APA">
Capital
expenditures make it difficult to start new companies or new projects. Many companies require lengthy budget
approval processes to buy new software. Cloud
computing provides a solution for this problem for many companies. Systems that are housed in the cloud require
only operational expenditures because of their pay-as-you-go payment plan. This is making it possible for management to
skip the budget approval process and make IT decisions that are important to
their business. </div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Many
cloud computing companies such as Amazon and have a minimum threshold of
requests before they start charging.
Amazon's simple DB does not charge until the application uses 25 machine
hours or reaches a gigabyte of either storage or data transfer (Amazon
n.d.). This allows startup websites to
develop their website without incurring any costs. This also allows many small projects or
hobbyist to build systems at no cost at all.</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Many
IT managers like the fact that there are many providers for the same types of
systems. If, for example, a company
finds a lower cost provider for the same service they can switch. Because virtually all cloud services use SOAP
switching between providers is not difficult.</div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Organizational
Strategy</b></div>
<div class="APA">
<a href="" name="C401235235416667I86264T401366879282407">Many CEOs like
utility that cloud computing allows them (Luthria & Rabhi, 2009)</a>. Cloud computing modular structured approach to
help IT management to form an organizational strategy based on modular assets
that they already possess. Modularity of
cloud computing allows companies to grow more rapidly because they do not have
to reinvent their software and architecture for every project.</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Cloud computing also allows companies to maintain a smaller IT
staff. This can change the primary role
of IT in many organizations from maintenance to development. This in turn can help companies grow
faster. Companies with less IT staff are
able to be more flexible with their systems.
Companies that use cloud computing find that they do not have to wait
for budget approval before implementing new systems that require servers.</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Companies who wish to use cloud computing successfully must be
able to live within the confines of the services being offered. For many companies that wish to grow their
features of a product control of the development process may be a large
factor. Cloud computing only provides a
limited resource. The business stake holders
do not own the cloud service. They have
no real ability to have the service provider add features <a href="" name="C401575396990741I86264T401575406597222">(Antonopoulos, 2009)</a>.</div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Organizational
Structure</b></div>
<div class="APA">
Large maintenance staffs are often not required on companies that
use cloud computing (Luthria & Rabhi, 2009). These companies can use their savings to hire
a larger development team and produce the solution even sooner. This shift the types of IT people a company
needs can often mean they are able to produce products even faster by shifting
the personnel in the IT department from maintenance to development.</div>
<div class="APA">
Organizations that use cloud computing need to hire people who
understand the legal implications of using cloud computing. Organizations may also need to have lawyers
review service level agreements and other documents pertaining to the services
that are they provide. They may also need to hire project managers who
understand the limitations that cloud computing puts on the development
team. Finally, they may need to hire
developers who program in a language that is supported by cloud typical cloud
providers. </div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Future Growth</b></div>
<div class="APA">
A survey published in December 2008 found that 90% of companies
are planning to grow their use of SaaS (O’Sullivan, 2009). Service oriented architecture is becoming the
de-facto software development methodology for many companies. SaaS a standardized SOAP communication
protocol making it a good fit for future growth.</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Many companies are using SOAP’s low overhead and cross-platform
ability to develop systems that are compatible with newer devices such as smart
phones and home gaming consoles. In the
future there could be many different types of systems with varying levels of
capacity that would all need to use similar software. More than any system of available today cloud
computing allows companies to care for growth.</div>
<div class="APA">
Cloud providers and clients are finding ways of communicating
other that SOAP. Some cloud companies
are providing JSON support which allows web browsers to communicate directly
with the cloud <a href="" name="C401575493750000I86264T401575503125000">(Udell, 2006)</a>. Companies are making software that allows
people to use the cloud without using SOAP. Bucket Explorer is a software product that
allows anyone to put file on Amazon’s S3 with a simple user interface <a href="" name="C401575517708333I86264T401575531134259">(Charmbal, n.d.)</a>.</div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Scalability</b></div>
<div class="APA">
Cloud computing on-demand model allows companies to use only the
amount of services that they need (O’Sullivan, 2009). Many cloud computing service providers offer
a free account for development purposes.
A company can use a very inexpensive or free portion of a server while
they are in development and then scale up as needed.</div>
<div class="APA">
Scalability can be a large problem for organizations. Increasing the amount of servers may require
new electoral lines be put in, new ventilation and air-conditioning systems be
installed, additional space be rented to house the equipment, additional server
licenses, and the cost of the equipment itself . Adding additional servers to a project can be
a very costly and time-consuming task. The
cloud computing pay-as-you-go system does not require any upfront costs. In most cases the cloud automatically
increases the amount of servers when it detects an additional load and placed
on the cloud. The customer is then built
for what they use.</div>
<div class="APA">
Internet-based companies find that they have highly fluctuating
server loads. These companies can easily
receive 10 times the traffic on a normal day when they are featured on an
Internet news sites. For a company to be
able to accommodate spikes in traffic without cloud computing would mean they
would need to have 10 times the amount of capacity than they would use on a
typical day. During a typical day most
of their servers would be unused. Having
large quantities of unused servers can be a cost burden for many Internet
companies.</div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Maintenance</b></div>
<div class="APA">
With cloud computing server maintenance is part of the service (O’Sullivan,
2009). Companies that use cloud computing
and not have to worry about upgrades and obsolete computers and operating
systems. Cloud providers free their
subscribers from having to support their servers.</div>
<div class="APA">
As most cloud services support older versions of their products
companies who do not want to perform upgrades on their existing software have
no reason to. There is no reason to
perform software maintenance unless a company wishes to upgrade their existing
system. This allows companies to make
changes on their time schedule.</div>
<div align="center" class="APA" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i>Business</i> <i>Perspective</i></b></div>
<div class="APA">
From a business perspective cloud computing makes a good deal of
sense. It allows companies to quickly develop
a system that is secure and can be easily integrated with system both internal
and external to their company.</div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Fast to Market</b></div>
<div class="APA">
Cloud computing componentized modular approach allows companies to
develop software faster. This can give
companies a competitive advantage.
Companies who are able to deliver new software and software upgrades are
more able to meet the needs of their customers.
The ability to deliver new products to market faster has been very
desirable to web site companies. In
these types of companies there are usually several companies that compete with
the each other for users.</div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Mash-up</b></div>
<div class="APA">
<a href="" name="C401454668287037I86264T401454678009259">Products that are
available on the cloud can be shared with business partners. A service that has been combined with another
to create an additional product is called a mash-up (Fichter & Wisniewski,
2009)</a>. Business people are realizing
the advantage of using mash-up technology.
Google for example, offers it’s mapping software for free on the
Internet. CrimeReports.com, for example,
gets data from Google maps and the publicly available information on crimes to
create a report for a given area. </div>
<div class="APA">
Companies are able to provide part of their web software as a
service. Other companies can use these
software products but usually are required to have a link back to the company
that provided the service. This has
allowed many ecommerce companies to sell their products on other websites. </div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Security</b></div>
<div class="APA">
<a href="" name="C401235343055556I86264T401366889467593">Security is a major
concern for many companies. Cloud
computing can present a risk to security by having data that is readily
available through the Internet without fire walls. Data is usually locked
behind a lengthy username and access key.
In a company if a person who has access to the companies databases leave</a>
the company can simply remove that person’s access. If, on the other hand, the company wishes to
restrict a person from the cloud they would have to change the username and
password for the cloud. This would mean
that every system that is accessing the cloud would not be able to communicate
with it. Software developers need to
have a way of storing cloud passwords in a way that allows them to be changed
across all their systems in a moment’s notice.</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="APAHeading3" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Platform Agnostic</b></div>
<div class="APA">
In a traditional software development environment software is
built for one specific operating system and software package. For example, if the software is built using
SQL Server and the F# programming language than the software would only be
available to companies that used Microsoft Windows operating system. Cloud computing, however, with its SOAP data
transfer protocols allows software to that is developed on one operating system
to be used by others. Cloud service
providers often have easy ways for developers to port their service to systems
such as smart phones. Many cloud
providers provide software plug-ins for popular programming languages. Companies who find that they are able to use
a popular programming language are able to develop software even faster using
cloud computing. </div>
<div align="center" class="APA" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="APA" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Conclusion</b></div>
<div class="APA">
Cloud computing is finding its way into many businesses. Cloud computing provides a strategic
advantage over traditional software development methods. From a developer point of view computing
provides a quick way to develop systems that are powerful, scalable and have
had some level of bug testing. From a
project management point of view about computing aids in the design process
because it has an easily quantifiable set of services. These services help guide the project manager
break the project into small tasks.
Having a cloud system that has been used by many people allows companies
to reduce the amount of testers needed for project. IT managers like cloud computing because it
reduces the cost of software development and also reduces the amount staff they
need to buy and maintain servers.
Business people like cloud computing because it is readily
scalable. With its service on-demand
computing is able to grow with the company and is able to meet the company's
needs when they see spikes in traffic.
This can reduce the threat of downtime in critical peak times.</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Cloud computing is not without its risks, however. Cloud computing can increase the risk of data
being leaked. Cloud computing can be
network intensive. A company that is
rely on cloud computing must make sure that there networks are able to handle
the traffic.</div>
<div class="APA">
<br /></div>
<div class="APA">
Companies using cloud computing should understand legal
implications when choosing a service provider.
Unlike internal software if there is a problem with a cloud computing
service is outside the organization the company must rely on the cloud provider
to fix its issue. The company’s contract
determines what is owed them by the service provider. The country must also willing to sue the
service provider if they not living up to their contract. Companies need to understand the risks of
down time by a service provider. </div>
<div class="APA">
Cloud computing is not a panacea and is not the right solution for
every company. Companies that use cloud
services cannot control the development of the services offered by cloud
providers. If the user of a cloud service
needs new features added, they would have to wait for the cloud provider to
develop it <a href="" name="C401575454282407I86264T401575465162037">(Babcock, 2009)</a>. When looking at cloud computing a couple he
must weigh the pros and cons of using each service. Cloud computing provides strategic advantages
over traditional software development for many companies. While cloud computing is a great solution for
many industries such as the web industry it may also be a poor solution for
companies that needs a more secure environment.
When deciding upon cloud computing IT professionals should compare the
risks and rewards of developing using cloud computing. </div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="APAHeader">
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<a href="" name="R401575396990741I86264">Antonopoulos, A. (2009).
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4788695677332559163.post-20767579965368817422013-03-27T15:46:00.000-07:002013-03-27T15:58:23.468-07:00E-Commerce and Usability<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: start;">Hell, there are no rules here - we're trying to accomplish something. - </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: start;">Thomas Edison</i></div>
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Themes in usability research<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
There are several standards of
usability. Some of the most widely known
ones are the Microsoft standards, the ISO 9241-11(Green & Pearson, 2006) standard, and Section
508 of the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998. Of these standards the
Microsoft standards are most prevalent and more widely researched. Research in the field of e-commerce and
usability generally focus on how making visual changes to the website can
increase or decrease revenue generated from the website (Cappel & Huang,
2007). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
There is also research on the
motivation of the buyer. Visitors to the
website may lack the trust they need to purchase if a website seems
unprofessional (Venkatesh
& Agarwal, 2006). There seems
to be a correlation between the value of the product being sold and the need
for the site to be looking more professional and stable (Tractinsky & Lowengart, 2007). Related to motivation is the purpose of the
buyer. A buyer looking for a utilitarian
items may be direct and to the point. A
simple search box may be all that buyer needs.
A hedonistic buyer is one that comes to the site without any preset idea
about what they will buy. For a
hedonistic buyer, navigability is a key component their purchase on a website (To et al, 2007).</div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Findings and Literature<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
Literature on topic of usability
varies from article to article. The term
usability is often used to describe any different characteristics of a
website. For the purpose of this paper
the term usability will be used to describe key factors that affect purchases
and popularity and e-commerce websites. </div>
<h2>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Section 508<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act
Amendments of 1998 is web standards that many large companies adhere to. These standards allow visually impaired
people to comfortably navigate website. A study in the Journal of Disability
Policy Studies found that most sites fail to properly implement good
accessibility standards (Jackson-Sanborn
et al., p. 30). Sites that do not
properly follow these standards may make their site fully accessible to
visually impaired. Other studies note
that there are many sites that are not fully accessible to people because of a
number of reasons. People with
accessibility problems often to not buy from the site(Pearson & Pearson,
2008). Some of these standards include:
graphics lacking ALT tags, improper cluttered layout and organization, and
compatibility problems with screen readers(Jaeger, 2008).</div>
<h2>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">ISO Standard<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
The ISO standards breaks usability
into several categories, these categories are; effectiveness efficiency,
satisfaction and learning (Abran et al, p 334). The ISO standards suffer from being too
vague. The ISO standards talk about many
high level concepts like ease of use without defining what that exactly
is. While traits like effectiveness and learnability
are good to have there is no correlation between correctly and leading ISO
standards and revenue generation and e-commerce sites(Loorbach et al, p 193)</div>
<h2>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Microsoft Usability Standards<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
The Microsoft standards are a set
of standards that are generally accepted in the usability industry. Some of the standards are ease of use, made
for the medium, emotion, content, and promotion (Pearson et al, 2007). In studies, attention is paid to
characteristics such as ease of use, customization ability, availability, and
download speed (Pearson & Pearson, 2008).</div>
<h2>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Other Standards<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
Other research has been done on
commonly held popular beliefs in the field of usability. One such study reviewed aspects of usability
such as use of blue underlined links, horizontal scrolling, and splash screens
(Cappel & Huang, 2007). While the
common view of what is usable is oftentimes not scientific and based on style
decisions, the scientific exploration of these traits are often valuable
because they are used more commonly than any of the other standards in this paper. Websites are often designed by what is
popular at the moment. Website usability
standards often change in this environment.
For example, blue underlined links which are a popular way to show a
navigation point have now become less popular and image links are considered
more usable. </div>
<h2>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Motivation<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
Research has been done that shows
not every user who comes to a website is there for the same thing. Some people known as utilitarian users know
exactly what they want and need the quickest way to get there. These users tend to frequent sites that are
concise and easy to navigate, while hedonistic users do not know exactly what
they want and tend to browse the site more.
These people tend to visit sites that allow them to browse more easily (To et al, 2007). An example of a utilitarian website would be
a website that sells boxes. For such a
website people tend to become less likely to buy if they can’t find what they
are looking for. An example of a
hedonistic website would be a site such as Imagekind. In this site people browse images and if they
find one that they like they can purchase a print.</div>
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;">
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Strengths and weaknesses<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
Research on the topic can help
web site companies improve their web sites as well as improve usability of
websites. Research shows that people
will tend to frequent sites who design makes people trust them more and also
are easy to understand and navigate. A
research study found that when people
developed an image of the website as usable they tended to frequent the website
more often(Yun & Good, 2007).</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
Research on the topic lacks a
large amount of empirical evidence (Peason et al, 2007, Castro et al, 2007). The
term usability means different things to different people. It can mean ease of use on one study and
embody certain characteristics in another. This presents a problem when trying
to research a specific case. The terminology can also be quite ambiguous. Ease of use is a term that can be hard to
quantify.</div>
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;">
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Further research <o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
Further research is needed on the
low-level elements of usability. There
has been a good deal of research about ease-of-use; however, there are very few
studies that show what elements on a web page making it easier to use.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
Further research needs to be done
that compare elements such as blue underline links and image links. Research can be done that compares design
change elements with website usage.
There are sites that monitor and ranked website usage such as
compete.com and Alexa.com. Terms such as ease of use and navagatability
are hard to pin down to actual design changes.
Many companies such as Amazon.com review changes to their webpages to
see which design changes will have the biggest impact on revenue. Academic research like the kind done on
Amazon.com needs to be done. <o:p></o:p></div>
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;">
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
The topic of usability and
website popularity is fairly new. In the
past two years there has been an attempt to quantify design elements with
revenue or popularity. These studies
show that there are more to usability than just style elements. A website involved with e-commerce should
give the user a feel of trust(Venkatesh
& Agarwal, 2006) and be fast and
easy to use(Pearson & Pearson 2007).
Navigability is key to the success of a website. When people can find what they want they are
more content with the website(Castro et al, 2007).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; page-break-before: always;">
<br /></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">References<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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